The moment of entry into university marks an important transition for students in Portugal. Their new situation requires an update and a new personal, academic, and social contextualization and, in this new universe, hazing plays a significant role. This study aimed to understand the phenomenon of hazing in Portugal, analyzing, specifically, the violent behaviors that can occur in this context. To this effect, we have developed the Questionnaire for the Assessment of Experience in Hazing (QAVPA)-a questionnaire that allows the analysis of Portuguese students' hazing experiences and situations of violence. This questionnaire was applied to a sample consisting of 586 university students and ex-students who participated in hazing, 393 (67.1%) women and 193 (32.9%) men, with ages between 18 and 47 years ( M = 23.27, SD = 4.24). From the gathered data, 77.8% were victims of violence in hazing rituals, 86.9% witnessed violent practices, and 39.8% admitted having had violent behaviors toward new students. It was also found that variables such as having been a victim of this type of violence, sex, type of education, and hierarchy level are associated with the perpetration of violence in this context.
NOCTURNAL ALARM THERAPY AND ENURESIS: AN EVIDENCE-BASED REVIEW Introduction: Nocturnal enuresis is a common problem, affecting about 15% of children between the ages of five and six years. Different treatments have been studied in order to diminish the potentially stigmatizing impact of NE, both for the child and the family. These include nocturnal alarms and behavior modification affecting sleep. Aim: The aim of this review was to assess the evidence for the effectiveness of nocturnal alarms in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Methods: A bibliographic review of international databases was conducted, using the MeSH terms 'Nocturnal enuresis' AND 'Clinical alarms'. We also consulted the Índex RMP database using the search terms Enurese noturna and Alarme. We selected meta-analyses, systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, observational studies, and clinical guidelines written in Portuguese and English that were published between January 2005 and January 2015. The Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine criteria were used to establish the Level of Evidence (LE). Results: From a total of 52 articles found, nine met the inclusion criteria. These included three systematic reviews, three clinical trials, and three guidelines. Most studies found that NA is more beneficial than other non-pharmacologic options. When compared to desmopressin, the use of NA has shown equivalent effectiveness. Its use is associated with less risk of relapse and a better response when NE occurs due to diminished nocturnal bladder capacity. However, beneficial results take longer to appear with NA, parental collaboration is needed, and there is a risk of decreased adherence to this treatment. Clinical guidelines agree with the results of published trials. Discussion: Given the potential benefits of nocturnal alarms in the treatment of nocturnal enuresis (Level of Evidence 1, Strength of Recommendation A), the family doctor should consider this treatment for NE resistant to initial measures, thus avoiding the need for pharmacologic intervention or premature referral.
As we approach the third decade since the WHO started addressing the eradication of poliomyelitis and leprosy, a reflection of the previous campaigns efficacy and an evaluation of further elimination feasibility is important to adapt and intensify the next steps. We performed a critical review of the poliomyelitis and leprosy eradication campaigns to evaluate their technical and operational feasibilities. Vaccination and active case search are highly effective tools against poliomyelitis. If political stability and good vaccination coverage is achieved, poliomyelitis will be an easy target for eradication. Leprosy, on the other hand, faces many barriers towards elimination. The lack of a high efficacy vaccine, the long asymptomatic but infective period, the lack of screening tests and a poorly established elimination target, prevents this disease from being eliminated. In a world where resources and funding are limited, it is apparent that poliomyelitis is a more feasible target for elimination than leprosy. Keywords: Communicable Disease Control; Disease Eradication; Leprosy; Poliomyelitis; Program Evaluation.
RESUMOCom o aproximar da terceira década desde o início das campanhas de erradicação da poliomielite e lepra promovidas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde, uma reflexão sobre a eficácia das campanhas anteriores e o estudo da factibilidade da eliminação futura é importante para adaptar e intensificar os próximos passos. Neste trabalho realizamos uma revisão crítica sobre estas campanhas de forma a avaliar as suas exequibilidades técnicas e operacionais. A vacinação e a procura de casos ativos são ferramentas muito eficazes contra a poliomielite. Mediante a existência de estabilidade politica e uma boa taxa de cobertura vacinal, a poliomielite será um bom alvo à erradicação. A lepra, no entanto, padece de várias barreiras à eliminação como a ausência de uma vacina altamente eficaz, a existência de um período infecioso assintomático prolongado, a falta de métodos de rastreio e um objetivo de eliminação primariamente mal definido. Em conjunto, estes aspetos previnem a doença de ser facilmente eliminada. Num mundo onde os recursos e o financiamento são limitados, a eliminação da poliomielite parece mais exequível comparativamente à lepra.
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