The current study has been intended to estimate the belongings of vitamins E and C on lipid profile and renal performance of Albino rats. Vitamin E is a chain-breaking lipid dissolvable cancer prevention agent that has been utilized in the therapy of cardiovascular illnesses, immunological and hematological issues, and peripheral neuropathy. Vitamin C is enormous in imperative metabolic exercises including tryptophan digestion, iron retention, development of ferritin as cell cancer prevention agent, electron transport framework and coenzyme for cathepsin, liver esterases, and omega-oxidation of unsaturated fats. Vitamin C and E are known to be powerful antioxidant, utilization of vitamin C and E indicated significantly lowered hypertension and improved insulin activity, and decline lipid profile. Both vitamin C and vitamin E decreased lipid peroxidation. The experiment was conducted on Albino rats and treated with different doses of vitamins according to the protocol. Albino rats were divided into 4 groups, out of four groups one group was called the control group and the other 3 groups were treated groups, treated group A was supplemented with vitamin C, treated group B was supplemented with vitamin E), treated group C was supplemented with both vitamins together and fourth group (Group D) called the control group this group was given free access to food and water throughout the experiment. After completion of the experimental period, rats were sacrificed for the collection of blood, and blood was taken in EDTA for the collection of serum. Serum was collected for the analysis of higher density lipoprotein test (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), very low-density lipoproteins test (VLDL), total cholesterol test (TG), meanwhile Urea test, Uric acid test, and Creatinine test were examined. Results showed that means values of initial body weight and final body weight were significantly (p≤0.05) different. Values of Liver, Kidney, Pancreas, and Heart weight (g) of Albino rats were significantly (p≤0.05) different. Values of Urea, Uric acid, and Creatinine of Albino rats were significantly (p≤0.05) different. Values of the lipid profile of Albino rats were significantly (p≤0.05) different.
Multiparity is a matter of great concern regarding the health of women as well as child. At the same time it has different determinants and socioeconomic backgrounds. Objective: To determine the determinants of lack of family planning in grand multiparous women. Methods: It is a descriptive cross sectional study including 271 GMP patients from DHQ Hospital Okara city. Mean age was 35 ± 10 years. Data was collected with the help of questionnaire and evaluated and analyzed using SPSS version 24. Mean and standard deviation was calculated for quantitative data and frequency and percentages for qualitative data. To measure the determinants of lack of family planning, chi square test was used. P values less than and equal to 0.05 were taken as significant. Results: Most of women belong to rural area 172 (63.47%) and are Muslims 259 (95.5%). Most of the families lie under upper lower 149 (54.8%) and lower middle group of income 71 (26.1%). The reason of last pregnancy was desire for baby boy 66 (24.4%), then husband’s wish 45 (16.6%) and so on. There is a good association of socioeconomic status and residence of head of family as p < 0.05, (Results are 325.272a, df = 10, p=0 .000). There is an association of Gravida and socioeconomic status of head of family as p<0.05. (27.294, df= 20, p=.05). There is a good association between reasons of last pregnancy and gravida as p<0.05, (41.920, df = 24, p=0 .001). Conclusions: The grand multiparty is still very common in Okara Pakistan district, considering the easy availability of modern contraceptive methods but very few women are aware of it. The most popular explanation given for present pregnancy by grand multiparous women was an urge for baby boy followed by husband wish. Most of women are Muslims. Rural Women are more socio-economically down and they have grander multiparty
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a subgroup of retrovirus causing HIV infection which if prolongs turns into a progressive failure of the immune system called as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. It is commonly prevalent in Male Transgenders who are born male and disobeys the cultural defined social norms and identify themselves as a female. The objective was to assess knowledge, Attitudes and Practices of Transgender Community regarding Transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Lahore, Pakistan. A Descriptive Cross-sectional Survey was conducted in Nine Towns of Lahore. A sample size of 79 was calculated and data was collected in duration of 9 months. A self-administered survey-based questionnaire was developed using WHO and National AIDS control Programme guidelines followed and pilot tested. Data was collected after Informed consent.The mean age of Respondents was 29.56 ± 8.27 years with minimum and maximum age as 19 and 50. In this study the mean knowledge score of the transgender about HIV Transmission was 2.804±0.32, the mean score of attitudes of transgender were 3.25±0.19 and the mean practice score was 2.931±0.28.Majority of the transgender have insufficient knowledge, and bad attitude towards their health. They have unsafe sexual practice and Drug Interventions playing a significant role in HIV epidemic. Majority of them are uneducated, unemployed and found sex selling and dancing an easiest way of earning. Their knowledge about HIV screening, transmission, and antiretroviral therapy is low.
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