Punjab has been undergoing radical changes in transforming school education. Especially the governance structures (school being unit of analysis for improvement) influencing school and learning atmosphere. The proposed study focuses on scrutinizing these changes regarding school leadership in the era of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in Pakistan. Leadership is concerned with how Head Teachers (HTs) promote, manage, and monitor the teachers' pedagogical content knowledge and skills using ICT to support student learning. These structural changes have created an engaging, prolific, and fruitful rationale for researchers to discuss how the policy-mandated initiatives impact leadership for learning mainly in primary schools. A qualitative case study of district Hafizabad opted as the methodology. Thirty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted, twenty-five with the HTs, seven with Assistant Education Officers, and the district supervisory staff. Thematic analysis was applied to reduce data and reach conclusions. There was an improvement in teaching-learning practices in school, but the pace of development could be faster. As a precursor to further research, this article highlighted gaps in policy and implementation for school improvement.
Culturing of plant cells, tissues and organs in controlled and disinfected conditions which includes light intensity, humidity and temperature is known as "Plant Tissue Culture" . From the past several years, regeneration of different plants under lab conditions from different plant cells and tissues has been playing a very important role in examining plant genetics and their physiology. This technique is known to help the plants in propagation and increases their soil's agronomic performance. In this review, we focus on the impact of plant tissue culture techniques in wheat crop, such as embryo culture, mature and immature embryo culture, effect of media on callus induction and regeneration, media and genotype interaction on callus induction and regeneration, somatic embryogenesis, correlation of agronomic trait on callus induction, and regeneration and somaclonal variations.
Every government faces the pressure of quality and accountability as it has become an international agenda. Countries are shaping their policies according to the interest of stakeholders in globalization and international competition. They plan to establish high-performing school systems. Developed and developing countries are also struggling with this movement to ensure the quality and accountability of schools. Different accountability approaches are in practice. Mixed methods research design opted for using an interview protocol and sur\vey with 2220 participants from public elementary schools. A pragmatic approach selected for reliability, and validity was assured while using a triangulation design. Descriptive statistics and thematic analysis were performed for the analysis of data. It concluded that educational accountability is a challenging job. Data revealed an ambiguity in the roles and responsibilities of different stakeholders, teachers, head teachers, parents, students, and district administration. Assign duties may be clarified, and responsible persons may be considered answerable. Some policies are there, but these are in practice in a different sense. Implementation of policies may be authenticated. When students' achievement is considered the main drive of school effectiveness, and schools are rated accountable for results to nurture positive change. More than achievement in numbers alone is required for quality education, as this can easily be achieved through misreporting. For quality and improvement over time, some prime features like creativity and higher-order thinking skills are mandatory. In different situations, there may be other yardsticks to judge students' personality traits like teamwork, commitment, and emotional adjustment. School teachers and head teachers had recommended replacing test-based accountability with performance-based accountability to amplify student learning and success.
School leadership is identified as a central point in the effectiveness of the school environment. School leaders work in instituting a learning climate in ways that assist a broad understanding of the effectiveness through the participation, learning, and achievement of students from diverse cultural and social backgrounds. There is little research about how a leadership role can assist in coping with the challenges varying according to contextual differences. Research under study furnished the reliance that different leadership styles can help to play a mediating role by carefully planning to overcome all pressure on transforming policy into practice to integrate values. Inferential statistics were applied using factor analysis, correlation, and multivariate regression. The research yielded five leadership styles that successful principals practiced: delegation, commanding, participative, cultural, and moral leadership styles. The commanding leadership style of principals is more effective in fixing responsibility to accountability, while the participative leadership style of teachers contributes to school improvement. However, a collaborative leadership style contributes to leadership effectiveness. The results indicate that a lack of leadership-oriented practices is still problematic for schools, and this challenge alone can negatively affect school improvement.
Drought tolerance is a polygenic trait, with a complicated phenotype, often confused by plant phenology.Breeding for water stress is more complex since many types of abiotic stress, such as drought, heat and salt. High yielding wheat genotypes viz., 9452, 9469, 9272, 9277, and three testers Chakwal-50, Kohistan-97 and Aas-11 were crossed in line × tester mating design. Seed obtained from crosses was evaluated in field conditions for various agronomic traits under drought conditions. Recorded data were subjected to analysis of variance to determine the genetic variability. The data were analyzed statistically and combining ability studies were tested using line × tester analysis to find the relationship between different traits of wheat. High significant differences were observed among the lines and testers for yield related traits under stress conditions.The female line 9452 proved to be best line on the basis of mean performance of traits under water stress. In case of testers, the male parent variety Chakwal-50 retained its performance in maximum number of traits closely followed by Aas-11. The cross combination 9272 × Aas-11 proved best for attaining highest mean for most of traits. In case of GCA effects line 9277 and tester Aas-11 proved best. The cross combinations 9277 × Chakwal-50, 9452 × Kohistan-97 exhibited highest SCA effects. The superior genotypes and crosses can be combined to develop new promising and improved varieties under water stress conditions.
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