Composite films of chitosan, fish gelatin and microbial transglutaminase (MTgase) were developed. Films were produced by the casting method and dried at room temperature for 30 h, conditioned for 7 days at 30 °C at a relative humidity (RH) from 11 to 90%, and characterized. Chitosan:fish gelatin films in different proportions (100:0, 75:25, 50:50) with MTgase, were subjected to tensile properties and water vapor transmission (WVT) testing. The results showed that tensile strength decreased with an increase in RH and with an increase in gelatin content. Percent of elongation also increased with increasing RH and gelatin concentration. Water vapor transmission showed an increase proportional to an increase in RH with the presence of gelatin being unfavorable for reducing WVT. Results in this work allowed studying the effect of relative humidity on tensile and water vapor properties of chitosan and fish gelatin films.Keywords: biodegradable films; tensile and water vapor properties; enzymatic cross-linking.Practical Application: Assessment of tensile and water vapor properties of biopolymeric films made from chitosan and gelatin.
Background Internationally, 2–5% of people live in residential or nursing homes, many with multi-morbidities, including severe cognitive impairment. Pain is frequently considered an expected part of old age and morbidity, and may often be either under-reported by care home residents, or go unrecognized by care staff. We conducted a systematic scoping review to explore the complexity of pain recognition, assessment and treatment for residents living in care homes, and to understand the contexts that might influence its management. Methods Scoping review using the methodological framework of Levac and colleagues. Articles were included if they examined pain assessment and/or management, for care or nursing home residents. We searched Medline, CINAHL, ASSIA, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar; reference lists were also screened, and website searches carried out of key organisations. Conversations with 16 local care home managers were included to gain an understanding of their perspective. Results Inclusion criteria were met by 109 studies. Three overarching themes were identified: Staff factors and beliefs - in relation to pain assessment and management (e.g. experience, qualifications) and beliefs and perceptions relating to pain. Pain assessment – including use of pain assessment tools and assessment/management for residents with cognitive impairment. Interventions - including efficacy/effects (pharmaceutical/non pharmaceutical), and pain training interventions and their outcomes. Overall findings from the review indicated a lack of training and staff confidence in relation to pain assessment and management. This was particularly the case for residents with dementia. Conclusions Further training and detailed guidelines for the appropriate assessment and treatment of pain are required by care home staff. Professionals external to the care home environment need to be aware of the issues facing care homes staff and residents in order to target their input in the most appropriate way.
Background: Internationally, 2-5% of people live in residential or nursing homes, many with multi-morbidities, including severe cognitive impairment. Pain is frequently considered an expected part of old age and morbidity, and may often be either under-reported by care home residents, or go unrecognized by care staff. We conducted a systematic scoping review to explore the complexity of pain recognition, assessment and treatment for residents living in care homes, and to understand the internal and external contexts that might influence its management.Methods: We conducted a scoping review using the methodological framework of Levac and colleagues. Articles were included if they examined pain assessment or management for care or nursing home residents. We searched Medline, CINAHL, ASSIA, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar; reference lists were screened, and website searches carried out of key organisations, to ensure relevant evidence was retrieved, including grey literature. As per the methodolocal framework, stakeholder evidence from 16 local care home managers was also accessed, to undertand their current perspectives.Results: Inclusion criteria were met by 109 studies. Three overarching themes were identified: staff variables and beliefs, pain assessment, and interventions. Evidence from the review indicated a lack of training and staff confidence in relation to pain assessment and management in care homes. This was particularly the case for residents with dementia, who cannot always verbalize their pain, and may resort to behavioral manifestations to try and communicate their distress.Conclusions: This review has highlighted that training and detailed guidelines for the appropriate assessment and treatment of pain are required by care home staff. Professionals external to the care home environment need to be aware of the issues facing care homes staff and residents in order to target their input in the most appropriate way. Internal and external contexts need further examination in order to integrate recognition and assessment of pain, and its management, to the benefit of residents.
Summary: This research work studies the mechanical, thermal and morphological behavior of coconut flour/polyethylene composites, with special emphasis on the influence of the surface modification of coconut flour and the presence of different coupling agents on the interfacial bonding. The different treatments of the composites with an EAA copolymer, with 5 and 18 wt% of NaOH and acetylation, confirm the better tensile behavior of these composites.
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