This study was aimed to find out the attitude towards mathematics which were communicating gender difference among secondary level students. A quantitative research approach was used to explore gender difference in relation to the attitude towards mathematics among nine graders. Fifty seven public sector schools in Lahore were selected for this research. All nine graders in public sector secondary schools were target population of current study. Eleven hundred and eighty six students were selected through multistage random sampling for present research. A questionnaire developed by the researcher was used for exploration of gender difference in relation to students’ attitude towards mathematics at secondary level in Pakistan. It was a Lekert Scale with five points on it. The questionnaire was pilot tested and validated by experts. It was found that overall gender difference in attitude towards mathematics did not significantly exists. Therefore, the reason of difficulty in mathematics is needed to be explored for both boys and girls.
Purpose: The aim of the study is to evaluate and analyze the difference between optical and ultrasonic measurement regarding axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) in normal, long and shorts eyes. Methods: A prospective study conducted on 145 patients enrolled for cataract surgery. Total 145 eyes have been tested. The eyes were divided into three groups depending on their AL; normal eye (22mm – 25mm), long eye (>25mm) and short eye (< 22mm) groups. The eyes have been measured by both Swept Source Optical biometry and Applanation Ultrasoundbiometry. Results: Statistical analysis of the sub groups showed, mean axial length was 23.68mm and 23.59mm by optical and applanation biometry with standard deviation of 2.34mm and 2.30mm. The mean of anterior chamber depth was 3.14mm by optical and 3.12mm by ultrasonic method with standard deviation of 0.48mm and 0.44mm. The sample size was 145. The correlation statistics between the methods was 0.995 and 0.934 with mean difference of 0.08 and 0.02 for AL and ACD respectively. The eyes were divided into normal eye (22mm-25mm), long eye (>25mm) and short eye (<22mm) groups according to the measurement of axial length. There was no statistically significant difference in axial length and anterior chamber depth measurement by optical method (P=0.52) and ultrasonic method (P= 0.17). So, it can be said that, there is good agreement between the two methods regarding measurement. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in measurement of axial length and anterior chamber depth by optical and ultrasonic method of biometry. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, December 2019, Vol.11(2); 147-154
Background: Precise biometry is one of the major key factors for obtaining desired refractive outcome after cataract surgery. Visual outcome strongly depends on accuracy of ocular parameters especially axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD). It is very important to evaluate different biometry methods to have accurate measurements for IOL power calculation. Objective: The aim of the study is to compare and analyze the difference between the measurement of axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) using ultrasound applanation, immersion and optical biometry. Methodology: A prospective study conducted on 168 patients enrolled for cataract surgery from January 2018 to December 2018 in Dhaka Eye Care Hospital, Dhaka. 280 eyes have been tested by a single observer. Axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) was measured consecutively by optical, applanation and immersion biometry. The results have been statistically evaluated to establish efficacy and correlation among the three methods of biometry. Results: Statistical analysis showed the mean of axial length (AL) obtained from optical biometry is 23.36 ± 1.99 mm, which is 0.10mm (p=0.00) less by applanation biometry and 0.04 mm (p=0.00) less by immersion biometry. For anterior chamber depth (ACD), the mean value from optical biometry is 3.13 ± 0.47mm. This value is highest in compare to both applanation (0.002 mm less with p = 0.824) and immersion (0.04 mm less with p = 0.00) biometry. Further analysis reveals strong correlation of optical biometry with applanation biometry (r = 0.994 for AL and 0.945 for ACD) and immersion biometry (r = 0.995 for AL and 0.947 for ACD). Conclusion: The study reveals that among optical, applanation and immersion method the optical biometry method appeared to be the most precise way of measuring axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) of eye. The study also shows an excellent agreement and strong positive correlation of optical biometry with applanation and immersion biometry. J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, June 2019, Vol.11(1); 59-64
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