Whitefly pests, including the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), and the greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), are economically important in agriculture. With the annual growth of the domestic fresh fruit export market, various quarantine treatment methods are being used to export strawberries of better quality. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of gamma rays on the development and reproductive sterility of B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. In both species, the eggs were completely inhibited from hatching at 50 Gy, and the emergence of third-instar nymphs was completely suppressed at 150 Gy. Some adult B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum spawning occurred at 100 and 70 Gy, respectively; however, at these irradiation levels, F1 hatchability was completely inhibited. Dosimetry results showed that the penetrating power of gamma ray in the strawberry-filled box was the lowest at the mid-box position. Therefore, B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum were placed in the middle of the strawberry-filled box and irradiated. A gamma-ray irradiation of 100 Gy suppressed the development and reproduction of eggs and adults in both B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum. Our data suggest that at least 100 Gy should be used for the control of these two species of whitefly for strawberry export.
Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch) is one of the representative fresh agricultural products exported overseas from South Korea. The greenhouse whitefly (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), Trialeurodes vaporariorum, is an economically important insect pest of commercial strawberries in South Korea. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of electron beam and X-ray on the development and reproduction of T. vaporariorum. To determine the radiation dose as a quarantine treatment for strawberry, T. vaporariorum were placed at the top, middle, and bottom location in boxes filled with strawberry fruits and irradiated. Eggs were completely inhibited from hatching at 50 Gy, and adult emergence of 3rd nymphs was completely suppressed at 150 Gy in both electron beam and X-ray. Some adults spawning occurred at 100 Gy. However, F1 hatchability was completely suppressed. The results suggest that T. vaporariorum was the most radiotolerant to both of ionization energy at the nymph stage. The dosimetry results showed that the penetrating power of ionizing radiation in boxes filled with strawberry fruits was the lowest at the bottom location. A treatment dose of 150 Gy is adaptable as a quarantine treatment to T. vaporariorum nymph in strawberry fruit. Our results indicate that ionizing radiation could be recommendable as a phytosanitary treatment for quarantine.
Objectives This study is intended to reveal the relationship between Father-Child Play Interaction, Fathers’ Parental Role Belief and Parent-Child Relationships. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of fathers' parental role belief on father-child play interaction, focusing on the mediating effect of parent-child relationships in the relationship between fathers' parental role belief and father-child play interaction. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted on 467 father of 3, 4 and 5 years old children attending kindergartens and childcare centers. To check the reliability of the questionnaire items, cronbach's α was calculated, and partial correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis were performed. Next, multiple regression analysis proposed by Baron & Kenney(1986) was performed to analyze the mediating effect of father's belief in father's role on father-child play interaction. Results First, father’s parental role belief had biggest effect on father-child play interaction, and it was followed by parent-child relationships in order. Second, parent-child relationships partially mediated the effect of father’s parental role belief on father-child play interaction. This means that fathers need to recognize their parent-child relationship more positively as well as admit their parental role & beliefs more actively in order to have more frequent play interactions with their children. Conclusions In order for fathers to have active play interactions with their children, it is necessary to actively recognize fathers' beliefs in parental roles. Active recognition of fathers' parental role belief can increase play interaction through mediating effect path in which fathers positively perceive relationship with their children.
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