Objectives: Tramadol, an atypical opioid, is clinically efficacious in treating moderate to severe pain. The aim of current study was to find out the toxicological effects of tramadol exposure to pregnant rats and fetuses during the late phase of pregnancy.Methods: Wistar pregnant rats were exposed to 1.25, 2.5, or 5 mg/kg/day tramadol from 14th to 20th day of pregnancy. The same therapy was given to nonpregnant rats for 7 days. The body weight, oral glucose and lipid tolerance tests, and effect on complete blood parameters in both pregnant and nonpregnant rats were determined. On 20th day, maternal placentas were excised and weighed while fetuses were observed for any deformity and growth retardation. Oxidative stress biomarkers were estimated in the liver and kidney tissue homogenates of the pregnant and nonpregnant rats while the whole fetus homogenate was processed for the same. Moreover, histopathology of the liver and kidney of pregnant and nonpregnant rats were carried out.Results: Tramadol administration did not significantly alter the area under curve of the blood glucose and triglyceride levels in both the pregnant and nonpregnant rats. It reduced the live fetuses, placental weights, fetal length, and fetal weights. Tramadol treated pregnant rats showed significantly (p < .05) reduced red blood cells, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelets with reference to control group. Similarly, structural abnormalities and malfunctioning of the liver and kidney of pregnant rats were instituted; however, it did not affect the
To compare the shoulder pain, disability, and range of motion in diabetic and non-diabetic frozen shoulder (FS) patients. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2018 to June 2019 on 210 clinically diagnosed patients of FS. Study included equal number (n=105) of diabetes mellitus (DM) patients and non-diabetic patients, ranging in age from 35 to 65 years. Non-probability purposive sampling was used to assemble the data from various private and government hospitals of Lahore. A plastic goniometer and shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) tool was used to extract data. Data was analyzed through SPSS v.21.0. RESULTS: In 210 patients with frozen shoulder, the mean age was 53±10.3 years & 48±9.9 years in DM & non-diabetic patients respectively (p=0.94). Frequency of male & female patients was 43 (40.95%) and 62 (59.05%) in diabetic group (n=105) & 38 (36.19%) and 67(63.81%) in non-diabetic group (n=105) respectively. Mean body mass index was 25.61±2.14 & 25.39±2.16 in diabetic & non-diabetic patients respectively (p=0.32). Mean SPADI score was 66.69±13.20 in diabetic and 63.34±15.01 in non-diabetic group (p=0.191). Regarding motion range at shoulder, mean degrees of flexion, external rotation, internal rotation and abduction were 103±23.07, 30±11.20, 34±11.970 & 101±25.55 in diabetic patients as compared to 113±29.61, 39±14.34, 40±15.77 & 109±33.80 in non-diabetic patients respectively (p=≤0.05). CONCLUSION: There is no significant difference in severity of pain and disability in diabetic & non-diabetic patients with frozen shoulder. However, range of motion was significantly better in non-diabetic patients as compared to diabetic patients having frozen shoulder.
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