Septic arthritis is a potential catastrophic complication of intra-articular steroid injection. There is lack of evidence regarding the precautions that should be taken to avoid such a complication, as well as how often it is encountered. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiseptic precautions taken during intra-articular steroid injection of the knee in the United Kingdom (UK), and estimate how often septic arthritis is encountered by health professionals in the UK following steroid injection of the knee. A questionnaire was posted to 100 orthopaedic surgeons, 100 rheumatologists and 50 general practitioners (GPs), asking them about the cases of septic arthritis following intra-articular steroid injection of the knee that they encountered during their practice and the precautions they take when injecting knees. The response rate was 76.4%; 57.6% of the respondents used alcohol swabs to clean the skin, and the remaining 42.4% used chlorhexidine or Betadine. Only 16.3% used sterile towels to isolate the injection site. There were 32.5% of respondents who routinely used sterile gloves when injecting, and a total of 46.6% used either sterile or non-sterile gloves. Also, 91.1% changed needles between drawing the steroid and injecting it into the joint. Only 24 respondents (12.6%) had encountered septic arthritis after steroid injection of the knee (18 once, 3 twice, 2 three times, 1 several times). We concluded that septic arthritis post intra-articular steroid injection of the knee is probably rare. There is a wide variation in the precautions taken to avoid such a complication. However, the trend seems to be towards minimal use of antiseptic techniques. Further large prospective studies are needed to determine how frequently septic arthritis of the knee is encountered post steroid injection, and the exact precautions that should be taken to avoid it.

The purpose of this paper is to obtain exact solutions for charged anisotropic spherically symmetric matter configuration. For this purpose, we consider known solution for isotropic spherical system in the presence of electromagnetic field and extend it to two types of anisotropic charged solutions through gravitational decoupling approach. We examine physical characteristics of the resulting models. It is found that only first solution is physically acceptable as it meets all the energy bounds as well as stability criterion. We conclude that stability of the first model is enhanced with the increase of charge.

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We reviewed 40 cases with non-union of the humeral shaft. There were 31 men and nine women patients with an average age of 38.5 (35-65) years. Thirtyfour non-unions were of the atrophic type. Non-union was most often found at the transition of the middle third to the lower third of the humeral shaft. Six fractures were classified as open at the time of the initial injury. All patients were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with a dynamic compression plate (DCP). Cancellous bone graft was used in all atrophic non-unions. In one patient an additional fibular graft was used. The average follow-up was 13 (6-18) months. Final results were available for 34 patients. Thirty-one fractures (91%) healed in an average of 4.5 (3-9) months. Main complications were temporary radial nerve palsy in two patients and deep infection in one.Résumé Nous avons examiné 40 cas de non -consolidation de la diaphyse humérale. Il y avait 31 hommes et neuf femmes avec un âge moyen de 38.5 années (35-65 années). Trente-quatre non -consolidations étaient du type atrophique. Le défaut de consolidation était le plus souvent à la jonction 1/3 moyen-1/3 inférieur de la diaphyse humérale. Six fractures ont été classées comme ouvertes au temps de la blessure initiale. Tous les malades ont été traités par réduction ouverte et fixation interne avec une plaque à compression dynamique. Une greffe spongieuse a été utilisé dans tous les cas de non-consolidation atrophique. Chez un malades une greffe supplé-mentaire de péroné a été utilisée. La moyenne de suivi était 13 mois (6-18 mois). Les résultats définitifs étaient disponibles pour 34 malades. Trente-une fractures (91%) ont guéri dans une période moyenne de 4,5 mois (3-9 mois). Les principales complications étaient une paralysie temporaire du nerf radial pour deux malades et une infection profonde pour un patient.

In this paper, we study the electromagnetic effects on the stability of a spherically symmetric anisotropic fluid distribution satisfying two polytropic equations of state and construct the corresponding generalized TolmanOppenheimer-Volkoff equations. We apply perturbations on matter variables via the polytropic constant as well as the polytropic index and formulate the force distribution function. It is found that the compact object is stable for a feasible choice of perturbed polytropic index in the presence of charge.