ABSTRACT:Drug abuse is the willful misuse of either licit or illicit drugs for the purpose of recreation, perceived necessity or convenience. Drug abuse is a more intense and often willful misuse of drugs often to the point of addiction. In the eastern world the incidence shows a decline or a static pattern but the number of drug addicts is still enormous.. The major drug of abuse are heroin and marijuana but designer drugs are shown to be on the increase. The aim of the study is to determine the ratio of the drug abuse in student. For this purpose we selected different institutions including “the university of Lahore”, “Forman Christian college”(private sector) and Punjab university(Govt sector) and conducted survey in 500 student. High proportion of students was found abusing drugs. From this study, we came across multiple factors which are the main cause of drug abuse in medical student including depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, as well as personality disorder like antisocial personality disorder. The most commonly abused drugs include stimulants, opioids, and benzodiazepines, antihistamines. Although survey have indicated high rate of illicit and prescription drugs misuse among college students, few have assessed the negative consequences, personel concerns, or interest in intervention for drugs use. Drug abuse although regarded as a personality disorder, may also be seen as worldwide epidemic with evolutionary genetic, physiology and environmental influences Controlling and affecting human behavior. Globally, the use has reached all time high. The study showed males are more drug abusers as compared to females. The drug abuse ratio in students of private sector is more as compared to Govt sector.
Migraine is a throbbing condition, usually associated with nausea and vomiting and requires concurrent administration of anti-migraine along with anti-emetic therapy. The current study was undertaken with an aim to fabricate fast dissolving oral strips (FDOSs) containing Sumatriptan succinate (anti-migraine) and Metoclopramide HCl (anti-emetic) in combination without involving any superdisintegrant. Hydrophilic polymer polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used alone with three concentrations of 100, 125, and 150 mg using variable concentrations of glycerol. The solvent casting technique was employed to formulate FDOSs and were evaluated for surface morphology, mechanical properties, surface pH, % moisture content, disintegration time (DT), total dissolving time (TDT), drug contents, and dissolution profile. PVA (150 mg) with 5% glycerol concentration gave best formulation results. FDOSs have exhibited good tensile strength with smooth and uniform surface morphology. DT was ranged from 7.7 to 28 s; while TDT was from 26.4 to 77.6 s. Both polymer and plasticizer concentrations were found to be influencing the characteristics of the strips. Dissolution studies were carried out in distilled water for 15 min and all the formulations have shown released more than 50% drug within first 2 min thereby highlighting the usefulness of FDOSs for the delivery of both drugs in combination significantly. Optimized combination of ingredients was found to be suitable for the formulation of FDOSs for simultaneous delivery of Metoclopramide HCl and Sumatriptan succinate.
P-glycoprotein (P-gP) efflux-mediated multidrug resistance is a fundamental aspect of chemotherapeutic failure in oncology. The current study aims to deliver paclitaxel (PTX) specifically at the target site with improved in vivo efficacy of poorly permeable PTX against solid tumors. Multifunctional polymeric micelles as targeted delivery have been devised for loading and release of PTX. Mucoadhesion, permeation enhancement, oral pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicological studies were carried out to fully elucidate the therapeutic outcomes of the polymeric micelles. Ex vivo permeation studies indicated a 7.89-fold enhancement in the permeation of PTX with mucopermeating papain functionalized thiolated redox micelles (PT-R-Ms) compared to the pure PTX. Moreover, PT-R-Ms exhibited a higher percentage of apoptotic cells (42.9 ± 0.07%) compared to pure PTX. Biodistribution studies revealed that fluorotagged PT-RMs accumulated in excised tumors and organs. The higher fluorescence intensity indicated the mucopermeation of micelles across the intestine. The orally administered PT-R-Ms efficiently overcome intestinal barriers and inhibit the P-gP efflux pump, resulting in increased bioavailability of PTX (up to 8-fold) in comparison to pure PTX. The enhanced anti-tumor efficacy and reduced toxic effects are key aspects of efficient cancer therapy. This study demonstrates that the use of mucopermeating PT-R-Ms is an encouraging approach to overwhelm the permeation barrier in cancer treatment.
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