Existing literature on impact of Bacillus Thuringiensis (Bt) cotton gene adoption in Pakistan is based on districts of one province and one or two years of data. This study contributes to literature in two aspects; we have conducted farm level survey in six districts (Rahim Yar Khan, Multan, Bahawalpur, Matiari, Shaheed Benazirabad and Sukkur) of two provinces (Punjab and Sindh) of Pakistan for three consecutive years (2014-15 to 2016-17) to assess the comparative advantage of Bt gene adoption over conventional cotton crop within and across provinces. Moreover, this study has assessed farmer's wellbeing by comparing per capita income of farmers with poverty line. Results of panel data indicate that net yield gain from Bt gene cotton per acre is 33 to 37.5 % higher than conventional cotton gene. However, Bt cotton yield per acre is 13% higher in districts of Punjab than yield in districts of Sindh, this has resulted in huge gap between per capita incomes of Bt farmers in these provinces. Furthermore, Bt gene growers have significantly low pesticide applications as compared to conventional cotton producers. The results obtained from Cobb-Douglas production specification establish that irrigation cost, seed cost and fertilizer quantity have significant positive impact on over all cotton yield. This study suggests that awareness programs regarding refuge area and specification of seeds might improve yield as well as per capita income of farmers in Pakistan. Contribution/ Originality: This study contributes to literature in two aspects; we have conducted farm level survey in six districts (Rahim Yar Khan, Multan, Bahawalpur, Matiari, Shaheed Benazirabad and Sukkur) of two provinces (Punjab and Sindh) of Pakistan for three consecutive years (2014-15 to 2016-17) to assess the comparative advantage of Bt gene adoption over conventional cotton crop within and across provinces.
This study focuses on comparative analysis of International Humanitarian Law (IHL) and Islamic Law (IL) on targeting places of worship with special emphasis on response of IHL and Islamic Law, that humanity is killed in wars that are waged without regard for rules and ethics. It is a legal issue in the world. Finding of the study are to define and explain the concept of Law of War and Islamic Law. This paper examines the above issue to understand the IHL and Islamic Law on targeting the places of worship through qualitative and analytical approach. It is of notable significance to implement rules and regulations of IHL and Islamic Law to overwhelm this issue. Keywords: IHL, Islamic Law, Targeted Places, Worship, Warfare
This research study focused on computer and internet have benefitted man immensely but have also simultaneously begotten cybercrimes having serious implications on society. The international community is seriously concerned about the surge of cybercrimes. Inadequacy of domestic cyber laws and lack of international cooperation in the field hamper to fight this menace. The difficulty to establish jurisdiction in the ubiquitous and borderless cyberspace, while investigating and prosecuting cybercrimes, further adds to the issue. Current domestic laws governing cybercrimes in many states are weak to combat cyber offenses. The conventional legal mechanisms cannot cope with the adverse aftermath of the mushrooming Information Technology which renders the cyberspace a sanctuary for criminals who torment the unwary internet users. Prosecuting these anonymous and veiled offenders require appropriate legal framework at national and international level. Some international institutions like UN and other organs are striving to fight cybercrimes and likewise the Council of Europe has introduced an international treaty in this regard. It is the only available treaty about cybercrimes with many benefits for the member states. This research article has also focused on the grey areas in domestic criminal laws relating cybercrimes in a global perspective. The study concludes that Budapest Treaty is the best international legal framework to fight cybercrimes and needs the comity of nations to ally with. Keywords: Cybercrime, Cyberspace, Cyberlaws, Jurisdiction, Pakistan
Consumer education significantly strengthens consumer protection laws by empowering consumers to make informed decisions about their purchases and increasing their awareness of their legal rights. This research paper explores the connection between consumer education and consumer protection laws and highlights the benefits of educating consumers about their rights and responsibilities. The study examines the historical evolution of consumer protection laws and the emergence of consumer education as a key strategy to promote consumer protection. The study finds that consumer education can increase consumer knowledge of their rights and obligations, improve their ability to identify and report fraudulent or deceptive business practices and enhance their confidence in the marketplace. The research also analyses the effectiveness of different consumer education programs and initiatives in improving consumer awareness and protection. Moreover, the research examines the impact of technology and digital platforms on consumer education and protection, highlighting the need for tailored and innovative approaches to consumer education in the digital age. The study discusses the challenges and opportunities of consumer education in the context of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, and the implications for consumer protection laws. Keywords: Consumer, Consumer Protection Laws, Technology Impact, Fraudulent, Deceptive Business.
The need for online consumer protection laws has accompanied the growth of e-commerce in the global market. These laws aim to provide a safe and secure environment for online transactions. The impact of online consumer protection laws on e-commerce in the global market is significant. These laws have increased consumer confidence in online transactions, resulting in increased sales for e-commerce businesses. Secondly, they have created a level playing field for businesses, regardless of size, by setting minimum standards for online transactions. However, implementing these laws has posed challenges for businesses, including compliance costs and complexity, particularly for small businesses. The diversity of regulations in different countries has led to inconsistencies in consumer protection. Nonetheless, online consumer protection laws remain essential to ensure the growth and sustainability of the e-commerce industry. Online consumer protection laws have played a vital role in promoting a safe and secure environment for online transactions, leading to increased sales and consumer confidence in e-commerce. Key Words: E-Commerce, Consumer Protection Laws, Complexity, Online Consumer Protection, Consumer Protection in Global Market
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