Highlights Penicillium polonicum , an endophyte of Ginkgo biloba, is a potent Taxol producer. Taxol of P. polonicum has a strong anticancer effect against HEPG2 and MCF7. The Taxol yield by P. polonicum was increased by 4.5 folds upon optimization with response surface methodology.
Taxol production by fungi is one of the promising alternative approaches, regarding to the natural and semisynthetic sources; however, the lower yield and rapid loss of Taxol productivity by fungi are the major challenges that halt their further industrial implementation. Thus, searching for fungal isolates with affordable Taxol-production stability, in addition to enhance its anticancer activity via conjugation with gold nanoparticles, is the main objectives of this study. Twenty-four endophytic fungal isolates were recovered from the barks, twigs, and leaves of jojoba plant, among these fungi, Aspergillus flavus MW485934.1 was the most potent Taxol producer (88.6 µg/l). The chemical identity of the extracted Taxol of A. flavus was verified by the TLC, HPLC, HNMR, and FTIR analyses. The yield of Taxol produced by A. flavus was optimized by the response surface methodology (RSM) using Plackett–Burman (PBD) and faced central composite designs (FCCD). The yield of Taxol by A. flavus was increased by about 3.2 folds comparing to the control cultures (from 96.5 into 302.7 µg/l). The highest Taxol yield by was obtained growing A. flavus on a modified malt extract medium (g/l) (malt extract 20.0, peptone 2.0, sucrose 20.0, soytone 2.0, cysteine 0.5, glutamine 0.5, and beef extract 1.0 adjusted to pH 6.0) and incubated at 30 °C for 16 days. From the FCCD design, the significant variables affecting Taxol production by A. flavus were cysteine, pH, and incubation time. Upon A. flavus γ-irradiation at 1.0 kGy, the Taxol yield was increased by about 1.25 fold (375.9 µg/l). To boost its anticancer activity, the purified Taxol was conjugated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) mediated by γ-rays irradiation (0.5 kGy), and the physicochemical properties of Taxol-AuNPs composite were evaluated by UV–Vis, DLS, XRD, and TEM analyses. The IC50 values of the native-Taxol and Taxol-AuNPs conjugates towards HEPG-2 cells were 4.06 and 2.1 µg/ml, while the IC50 values against MCF-7 were 6.07 and 3.3 µg/ml, respectively. Thus, the anticancer activity of Taxol-AuNPs composite was increased by 2 folds comparing to the native Taxol towards HEPG-2 and MCF-7 cell lines. Also, the antimicrobial activity of Taxol against the multidrug resistant bacteria was dramatically increased upon conjugation with AuNPs comparing to authentic AuNPs and Taxol, ensuring the higher solubility, targetability, and efficiency of Taxol upon AuNPs conjugation.
Background: Taxol is a commercial anticancer drug, with broad spectrum towards different cancer cell as breast, lung, head and uterine cancers. Taxol producing by endophytes recovered from the medicinal plants. Objective: This evaluating of Taxol production by endophytes isolated from Moringa and Hibiscus plants. Enhancement of Taxol production by different types of media and Gamma irradiation were studied. The antimicrobial activity of Taxol was observed. Methodology: Fungal isolates were recovered from Moringa and Hibiscus plant. The samples were sterilized with ethanol (70%), wash with sterile water, sterilized tissue by sodium hypochlorite 2.5% then wash with sterile water. The isolates were grown on PDB media, after incubation, the cultures were filtered and characterized by UV-Vis., TLC, HPLC and FTIR. Results: Twenty seven isolates were separated from Moringa (16 isolates) and Hibiscus plant (11 isolates). These organisms were observed from barks (seven isolates), twigs (eight isolates), leaves (five isolates) and buds (seven isolates) of plants. Purified fungal isolates were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium and Fusarium. Between these isolates, the prevalence of genus Aspergillus was detected (70.3%) while Fusarium remark to be (14.8%); also Penicillium was reported (11.1%) and finally Cladosporium (3.7%). From HPLC results the optimum Taxol production was Penicillium sp. 5 (54.42µg/L), Aspergillus niger 10 (43.95µg/L) and Fusarium sp. 8 (26.8µg/L) on potato dextrose agar medium. Conclusion: Improvement of Taxol harvest by Penicillium sp. from (54.42µg/l) to (184.3µg/l) on Dox medium, maximum yield of Taxol was appeared at 1.25 kGy (274.6µg/l). Finally a significant antimicrobial of Taxol towards E. coli 15.0mm and Ent. cloacae 22.0mm.
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