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Background: Increasing awareness on the environmental impact of heavy metals has increased a considerable interest in the determination of metals in natural water bodies. The present paper describes the development and electrochemical application of carbon paste electrode modified with fibrous part of coconut shell for the determination of cadmium in water samples.

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A very sensitive electrochemical sensor has been developed by modification of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) with graphene (GRP) and bismuth (III) oxide (Bi 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles. The electrochemical behavior of Tranexamic acid was studied at GRP/GCE and Bi 2 O 3 /GCE using cyclic and square-wave voltammetric techniques. A well defined oxidation peak was observed in Britton-Robinson (BR) buffered solution. GRP/GCE and Bi 2 O 3 /GCE showed higher current response as compared to bare GCE. Electrochemical impedance spectra showed reduction of charge transfer resistance and higher electrocatalytic behavior of the sensors. The morphological characteristics of GRP and Bi 2 O 3 nanoparticles were studied by atomic force microscopy (AFM). GRP/GCE showed a linear response for Tranexamic acid over the concentration range of 40-400 μg/mL with the detection limit 16.57 μg/mL. Variation of scan rate revealed that the electrode process is diffusion controlled. Moreover electrode dynamics parameters were calculated and a possible reaction mechanism has been deduced. This method was employed for quantification of Tranexamic acid in different pharmaceutical formulations.