Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Ell. belongs to the Rosaceae family. The purpose of this study is to explore the gastroprotective effect of the Aronia melanocarpa hydro-alcoholic extract (AMHAE) against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in a rat model. Different concentrations (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) of AMHAE, or 30 mg/kg of omeprazole, significantly inhibited the gastric injury formation. The ethanol-induced ulcer group showed significant increases of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor-kappaB p65 (NF-κB p65), and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px), and interleukin (IL)-4. However, AMHAE (200 mg/kg) pretreatment significantly reversed the altered pathophysiological levels of these biomolecules to near normal stages. The gastroprotective activity of AMHAE was abolished by pretreatment with l-NAME, naloxone, capsazepine, and indomethacin, demonstrating the participation of nitric oxide (NO), opioids, TRPV (vanilloid receptor-related transient receptor potential), and prostaglandins in AMHAE-assisted gastroprotection against ethanol-induced gastric injuries. This gastroprotective effect of AMHAE might be due to the downregulation of TNF-α-based NF-κB, MCP-1 signaling and strong antioxidant properties.
Health of human intestine has deteriorated due to excessive stress and western diet. In this study, Vigna angularis was fermented by Bacillus subtilis KCCM11965P in order to develop prebiotic resource for improving bowel movement. The contents of ash and crude protein were 3.35±0.04% and 21.1±0.19% respectively. Vigna angularis extract (1, 3, 5%) were incubated with 3% (v/v) Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11965P for 0, 24, 48, and 72 h. Total bacterial numbers showed that the combination of 3% powdered seeds and 72 h incubation time was optimum condition for this experiment. Total polyphenol content increased from 0.18±0.010 mg/mL in pre-incubation to 0.23±0.007 mg/mL in post-incubation with the condition mentioned above. DPPH radical scavenging activity also increased from 36.1±6.0% to 63.6±5.2%. Analysis of protease activity showed 2.69±0.003 unit/mL in combination of 5% powdered seeds and 72 h incubation time. Amylase activity increased from 1.0±0.1 unit/mL in pre-incubation to 26.0±0.2 unit/mL in post-incubation. The analysis of free amino acids after incubation with Bacillus subtilis KCCM 11965P showed that leucine increased from 5.22 mg/L to 67.59 mg/L and tyrosine, one of non-essential amino acid also increased 10.08 mg/L to 259.35 mg/L by incubation with 5% powdered seeds. Most of organic acid were reduced by incubation for 72 h. These results suggest that Vigna angularis could be utilized most as a prebiotic resources.
The content of ellagic acid obtained from the extracts of Rubus occidentalis (RC) and its antioxidant activity were measured to secure basic data for developing functional materials. The extract was prepared by boiling RC in water for 3 h at 90℃. The polyphenol content and 2,2'-azinbis-(3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (IC 50 ) of RC was 30.60±1.27 mg/g and 176±3.95 μg/mL, respectively. RC acid hydrolysate (RCH) was analyzed using HPLC and ellagic acid as a marker compound. HPLC was used to separate the content using the following experimental conditions. Gradient solvent made of 0.1% formic acid and acetonitrile/methanol (85:15 v/v) was used with elution solvent gradient. Separation was performed on a C18 MGII column (4.6×250 mm, 5 μm) and with a 254 nm PDA detector. Limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), precision, accuracy, and recall rate were measured. Ellagic acid and RCH were separated from other substances with a consistent detection time and peak retention time. Ellagic acid and RCH were eluted as a single peak on the chromatogram at approximately about 17.9 min. The maximum absorbance of ellagic acid and RCH was consistent at 254 nm PDA spectrum. These results indicate that ellagic acid and RCH are similar and there are some specific differences. The correlation coefficient (R 2 ) of the calibration curve showed a 0.9999 linearity, 0.1330 μg/mL LOD, and 0.4029 μg/mL LOQ. Inter-day precision, and intermediate precision were 12.95-13.48 mg/g (1.38-3.70% RSD) and 13.16-13.41 mg/g (1.19-2.51% RSD), respectively. The ellagic acid and RCH contents were 6.17±0.80 mg/g and 19.56±3.56 mg/g, respectively. The content of ellagic acid increased with increasing extraction and hydrolysis time. Our findings suggest that HPLC analysis could be used for validating ellagic acid as a marker compound of RC.
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