Treatment of Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is difficult because Acanthamoeba cysts are resistant to drugs and as such, successful treatment requires an effective approach that inhibits cyst formation. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) are involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptotic cell death. In this study, the effects of HDACi such as MPK472 and KSK64 on A. castellanii trophozoites and cysts were observed. MPK472 and KSK64 showed at least 60% amoebicidal activity against Acanthamoeba trophozoite at a concentration of 10 μM upon 8 h. Neither of the two HDACi affected mature cysts, but significant amoebicidal activities (36.4% and 33.9%) were observed against encysting Acanthamoeba following treatment with 5 and 10 μM HDACi for 24 h. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy results confirmed that the encystation of Acanthamoeba was inhibited by the two HDACi. In addition to this, low cytopathic effects on human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells were observed following MPK472 and KSK64 treatment for 24 h. Our results indicate that the HDACi MPK472 and KSK64 could be used as new candidates for the development of an optimal therapeutic option for AK.
Pathogenic Acanthamoeba spp. cause granulomatous amoebic encephalitis and keratitis. Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare but serious ocular infection that can result in permanent visual impairment or blindness. However, pathogenic factors of AK remain unclear and treatment for AK is arduous. Expression levels of proteins secreted into extracellular space were compared between A. castellanii pathogenic (ACP) and non-pathogenic strains. Two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed 123 differentially expressed proteins, including 34 increased proteins, 7 qualitative increased proteins, 65 decreased proteins, and 17 qualitative decreased proteins in ACP strain. Twenty protein spots with greater than 5-fold increase in ACP strain were analyzed by liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. These proteins showed similarity each to inosine-uridine preferring nucleoside hydrolase, carboxylesterase, oxygen-dependent choline dehydrogenase, periplasmic-binding protein proteinases and hypothetical proteins. These proteins expressed higher in ACP may provide some information to understand pathogenicity of Acanthamoeba.
Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK) is a rare disease but its prevalence throughout the globe continues to grow, primarily due to increased contact lens usage. Since early-stage symptoms associated with AK closely resemble those from other corneal infections, accurate diagnosis is difficult and this often results in delayed treatment and exacerbation of the disease, which can lead to permanent visual impairment. Accordingly, developing a rapid Acanthamoebaspecific diagnostic method is highly desired. In the present study, a rapid and differential method for AK diagnosis was developed using the secretory proteins derived from the pathogenic Acanthamoeba. Among the vast quantities of proteins secreted by the pathogenic Acanthamoeba, an open reading frame of the inosine-uridine preferring nucleoside hydrolase (IPNH) gene was obtained. After expressing and purifying the IPNH protein using the pGEX 4T-3 vector system, mice were immunized with the purified proteins for polyclonal antibody generation. Western blot was performed using protein lysates of the human corneal cell, non-pathogenic amoeba, pathogenic amoeba, and clinical amoeba isolate along with lysates from other causes of keratitis such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Fusarium solani to confirm Acanthamoeba-specificity. Western blot using the polyclonal IPNH antibody revealed that IPNH was Acanthamoeba-specific since these proteins were only observed in lysates of Acanthamoeba origin or its culture media. Our findings indicate that the IPNH antibody of Acanthamoeba may serve as a potential agent for rapid and differential AK diagnosis.
대한치과보철학회 이 글은 크리에이티브 커먼즈 코리아 저작자표시-비영 리 3.0 대한민국 라이선스에 따라 이용하실 수 있습니다. c cc 연구 대상 및 방법 1. 연구 대상 본 연구는 안모가 양호하고 전치부에 치아 결손이 없고 전치 부 수복 및 보철치료를 받지 않은 광주지역 20대와 50대, 60대를 대상으로 하였다. 20대의 경우 33명(남자 15명, 여자 18명, 평균 연령 27.2세), 50대, 60대의 경우 20명(남자 7명, 여자 13명, 평균연 령 55.6세)을 대상으로 하였다. 20대를 청년층 그룹, 50 -60대를 장년층 그룹으로 두고 연구 를 진행하였다. 2. 연구 내용 연구 대상의 안정위 시, 미소 시, 대소 시의 안모정면 사진을 통해 Hulsey 4 의 미소 계측 방법을 통해 계측점을 찾고 각 계측 항목을 기록한 다음을 측정하였다. 하순과 상악 전치 절단연 과의 평행 관계, 하순과 상악 전치의 접촉 관계, 미소 시, 대소 시 보이는 치아 등을 계측한 후 남녀별로 비교하였다. 연구에서 분석할 내용은 첫 째, 미소 시 안모와 입술의 형태 에 따른 미소 형태를 분류하여 볼 것이다. High smile은 상악 전 치의 전체가 보이고 치은이 노출되는 경우이고 Average smile은 상악 전치의 75% -100%와 치간 부위의 치은만 보이는 경우, Low smile은 상악 전치의 75% 이하만 보이는 경우인 미소선 형 태이다. 둘 째, 미소선의 형태이다. 이것은 하순과 상악 전치 절단연 과의 평행관계로 parallel, straight, reverse의 세 가지 타입으로 나눌 수 있다. Parallel은 상악 전치의 절단연이 하순 상연과 평행한 관 계이고 straight는 상악 전치의 절단연이 직선인경우를 말하며 reverse는 상악 전치의 절단연이 하순 상연과 역만곡을 이루는 경우를 말한다. smile line ratio가 1에 가까울수록 parallel에 가깝게 되고 심미적인 미소로 여겨지고 있다. 셋 째, Buccal corridor ratio와 노출된 치아 수의 상관관계이다. 미 소 시 구각부 길이가 증가하면 Buccal corridor ratio는 감소한다. 이 값이 클수록 노출되는 치아의 수는 감소할 것으로 예상된다. 넷 째, 구강폭과 노출된 치아 수의 상관관계이다. 구강폭이 클수록 노출되는 치아의 수가 많을 것으로 예상된다. 다섯 째, 미소 시 노출되는 치아의 수이다. 미소 시 보이는 치 아의 종류가 견치, 제1소구치, 제2소구치, 제1대구치 중 어떻게 분포하는 지 알아본다. 여섯 째, 얼굴폭에 대한 구강폭의 비율과 노출된 치아 수의 상관관계이다. 이것은 구각부 간의 거리와 구각부를 연장한 선상의 얼굴 폭간의 거리의 비로서 이 값이 클수록 노출되는 치아의 수가 많아질 것으로 예상된다. 일곱 째, 안정위시와 미소 시의 인중의 길이 변화와 노출되 는 상악 임상 치관의 길이이다. 마지막으로 안정위 시와 미소 시의 상하순의 수직길이 변화 이다. 그리고 상하순 각각의 길이 변화에 따라 노출되는 임상 치관의 길이를 측정해 볼 것이다. 3. 연구 방법 연구 대상자의 표준화된 안모 정면 사진을 얻기 위해 피검자 의 F-H plane이 지면에 평행하도록 한 후, 디지털 카메라(Canon IXUS 55, Zoom lens 3x 5.8 -17.4 mm)와 삼각대를 사용하여 피검자 의 정중 평면에 카메라 렌즈의 중심을 맞추고 상악 중절치의 순면과 렌즈와의 거리를 1 mm가 되도록 카메라를 고정하여 안정위 시와 미소 시의 안모 정면 사진을 촬영하였다 (Fig. 1). 먼 저 피검자에게 자연스러운 미소를 지을 수 있도록 연습을 시 행한 후, 수회 촬영하였다. 계측은 실물 크기로 인화한 사진 상 에서 시행되었으며, 11번 치아의 폭경을 구강 내에서 측정한 후 그 값을 인화된 사진 상에서의 11번 치아의 폭경과 비교하 여 비율을 구한 다음 사진 상의 각 계측 값을 실제 값으로 환산 하였다. 각 계측점 (Fig. 2)과 계측항목은 다음과 같다.Purpose: This study was designed to help to provide the criteria of the esthetic smile in oromaxillary region on twenties, fifties and sixties. Materials and methods: The facial straight photographs of 33 adults (male 15, female 18, mean age 27.2 years old) and 20 seniors (male 7, female 13, mean age 55.6 years old) in resting and smile position were taken. The measurements and proportion of lip-teeth relation during smile were statistically analyzed, and survey of freshmen and seniors who belong to School of Dentistry, Chonnam National University were taken to select the best esthetic smile among the photographs. Results: In the relationship between the upper lip and the teeth, average smile was the most frequent, and mean of smile line ratio was 1.090 in young group and 0.90 in old group. The correlation between the buccal corridor ratio and exposed teeth count was inversed. At smile, most frequently exposed tooth was the second premolar (63.64%) in young gourp and the first premolar (35.00%) in old group. The correlation between the upper lip change ratio and exposed clinical crown length of ...
Charge-transporting organic semiconductors are an important class of materials that play crucial roles in electronic and optoelectronic devices such as organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs), thin film transistors, and photovoltaic cells. 1-7OLEDs, that have organic hole-and electron-transport layers sandwiched between two electrodes, show low driving voltage and bright emission and are of importance for application to full color flat-panel displays and lighting.8-14 Since electron mobilities in organic materials, in general, are several orders of magnitude lower than hole mobilities, electron-transport materials (ETMs) with high electron mobility are required to further improve OLED performance. To achieve an effective electron injection and transport in an OLED, a high electron affinity to enable efficient electroninjection and a high electron mobility to enhance electron flux, with a high ionization potential. Also, electron transporting materials should have a high triplet energy to confine excitons within the emissive layer. It is also reported that electron transporting organic semiconducting materials develop of fulfilling several requirements, many research groups reported that low molar mass compound or polymeric structure containing π electron deficient heterocyclic moieties such as pyridine, oxadiazole, triazole, triazine, quinoline, or quinoxaline. 15-24Recently, we have developed 2,5-bis-(4-triphenylsilanylphenyl)-[1,3,4]oxadiazole (BTSO), that functions as good hole blocker and electron transporting layer in the phosphorescent devices. 25In this study, we designed bis(4-(2,3-di(pyridin-2-yl)pyrido[2,3-b]pyrazin-7-yl)phenyl)diphenyl-silane (DPPDS) with pyridyl-pyridopyrazine, which is composed of tetraphenyl silicone core and high electron attractive π conjugated pyridyl-pyridopyrazine side chains. Silyl groups are well known for their oxidative, thermal and chemical stabilities, low dielectric constants, and good film-forming ability. Moreover, these moieties render a molecule sterical hinderance (bulkyness) in terms of the sp 3 -hybridized silicon atoms. The tetraphenyl silicone core can give effectively hinder the aggregation and excimer formation. The introduction of pyridines on the 2,3-position of pyridopyrazine can not only enhance electron affinity but also reduce intermolecular interaction of fused pyridopyrazine. Experimental DetailsMeasurement. The 1 H NMR spectra were recorded using a Bruker Advance 300 spectrometer. The thermal analysis was performed on a TA TGA 2100 thermogravimetric analyzer in a nitrogen on a TA instrument 2100 DSC. The sample was heated at 20. Differential scanning calorimeter was conducted under nitrogen on a TA instrument 2100 DSC. The sample was heated at 20UV-vis absorption studies were carried out using Perkin-Elmer LAMBDA-900 UV/VIS/IR spectrophotometer. The photoluminescence (PL) spectra were measured on a Perkin-Elmer LS-50 fluorometer utilizing a lock-in amplifier system with a chopping frequency of 150 Hz. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed on an EG and...
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