Background Homeostasis is a mechanism for maintaining a stable inner environment in healthy participants. Blood and urine biomarkers are indicators of the subject health status. Biomarkers apply for early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Understanding the effect of pre-analytical factors on biomarker range is significant for the data quality of bio-specimens, reproducibility, and minimizing potential results errors. Water as a necessary element for the normal functioning of living beings and sampling frequency as pre-analytical factors influences the homeostatic range of parameters. The purpose of the study is to examine the effect of 9-day fluid intake and 2-time sampling on concentration changes of 7-urine (freezing point depression, potassium, sodium, chloride, urea, creatinine, urate) and 17-blood (urea, creatinine, urate, glucose, C-reactive protein, leukocytes, erythrocytes, hemoglobin, hematocrit, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean platelet volume, thrombocytes, potassium, sodium, and chloride) variables. Methods Parametric and non-parametric test apply to data processing with SPSS software v23.0. Results The group of 23 healthy subjects was divide based on water intake (test: more than 1800 ml; control: less than 2000 ml) and gender (female: 10(43%); male: 13(57%)). The mean value of the amount of fluid consumed for the test group is 2183.33 ml, while the control is 1395.83 ml. Investigated parameters, freezing point depression, sodium, potassium, creatinine urea and urate in urine, urea, urate, glucose, hematocrit, and thrombocyte in blood show a significant difference (P < 0.01) between the first and second sampling. The difference between water intake after first sampling (P < 0.01) observes for freezing point depression, sodium, urate, and (P < 0.05) for potassium (P < 0.05), chloride (P < 0.05), creatinine (P < 0.05), urate, urea in urine and potassium (P < 0.01), and chloride (P < 0.05) in blood. Difference between gender exists for urea (P < 0.05) in urine after second sampling and urate (P < 0.01), glucose (P < 0.01/0.05), hematocrit (P < 0.01/0.05) after the first and second sampling, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (P < 0.01) after secondary sampling in blood samples. Conclusion Water intake increases the blood and urine biomarker range after the first and second sampling. Further studies should include a larger number of participants to get precise reference limits in a healthy population. Compare health and disease states to draw practical clinical conclusions.
Background: Understanding the effect of pre-analytical factors is important for data quality of bio-specimens and health status. The study examines the effect of 9-days fluid intake and 2-time sampling on concentration changes of 7-Urine and 17-Blood variables. Material and Method: SPSS software v23.0 applies to data processing. The group of 23 healthy subjects divide based on water intake and gender. Results: A statistically significant difference(p<0.01) between 1st/2nd sampling is confirmed for Freezing point depression, Sodium, Potassium, Creatinine Urea and Urate in Urine and Urea, Urate, Glucose, Hematocrit, Thrombocyte in Blood. The difference between water intake after 1st sampling is confirmed (p<0.01) for Freezing point depression, Sodium, Urate and(p<0.05) for Potassium(p<0.05), Chloride(p<0.05), Creatinine(p<0.05), Urate, Urea in Urine and Potassium(p<0.01) and Chloride(p<0.05) in Blood. Difference between gender exists for Urea(p<0.05) in Urine after 2nd sampling and Urate(P<0.01), Glucose(p<0.01/0.05), Ht(p<0.01/0.05) after 1st and 2nd sampling and MCHC(p<0.01) after 2nd sampling in Blood samples.Conclusion: Water intake increases blood and urine biomarker range after sampling.
Background: Blood and Urine biomarkers are indicators of the subject health status. Understanding the effect of pre-analytical factors is important for the data quality of bio-specimens. Water as a necessary element for the normal functioning of living beings and sampling frequency influences the homeostatic range of parameters. The study examines the effect of 9-days fluid intake and 2-time sampling on concentration changes of 7-Urine and 17-Blood variables. Material and Method: SPSS software v23.0 applies to data processing. The group of 23 healthy subjects divide based on water intake and gender. Results: A statistically significant difference(p<0.01) between 1st/2nd sampling is confirmed for Freezing point depression, Sodium, Potassium, Creatinine Urea and Urate in Urine, Urea, Urate, Glucose, Hematocrit, Thrombocyte in Blood. The difference between water intake after 1st sampling is confirmed (p<0.01) for Freezing point depression, Sodium, Urate and(p<0.05) for Potassium(p<0.05), Chloride(p<0.05), Creatinine(p<0.05), Urate, Urea in Urine and Potassium(p<0.01) and Chloride(p<0.05) in Blood. Difference between gender exists for Urea(p<0.05) in Urine after 2nd sampling and Urate(P<0.01), Glucose(p<0.01/0.05), Ht(p<0.01/0.05) after 1st and 2nd sampling and MCHC(p<0.01) after 2nd sampling in Blood samples. Conclusion: Water intake increases Blood and Urine biomarker range after sampling.
Background The literature review provides a concise and detailed description of the available and published data on the investigated research problem. The study summarizes findings over the last 100 years regarding clinical biomarkers during health and disease. Research expanded to present the range of enzyme acetylcholinesterase in human blood utilizing diverse methodology during the 1949–2021 year. Main body Data analysis includes program SPSS v23.0, frequency, percentage, numbers and graphical presentation of results. Information from the papers gathers in Microsoft Excel 2007 and contains information: study type, journal, publisher, year of publication, continent, the health status of respondents, biomarkers, number and age of participants, types of samples, methodology, goals and conclusions. Data collection includes electronic databases, the National Center for Biotechnology Information and Google Scholar, with several inclusion criteria: (1) anthropometry (2) urine (3) blood in the healthy and diseased population parameters during different physiological states of the organism. The initial number of collected and analyzed papers is 1900. The final analysis included 982 studies out of 1454 selected papers. After the selection process, 67.53% remains useful. The range of enzyme acetylcholinesterase included 107 publications. Conclusion The number of published scientific papers has been increasing over the years. Little practical information in scientific and clinical practice exists. There is an urgent need for concise highlighting of literature key arguments and ideas. Results apply to a specialized area of research.
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