Background During coronavirus pandemic, an unpredictable pile of biomedical waste (BMW) gathers at the top. India produces 710 tonnes of biomedical waste daily. The contribution of COVID-19 related biomedical waste was 126 tonnes per day in first wave of the pandemic. BMW's rapid growth is putting a strain on current waste management facilities, especially in developing countries. A sudden boost in biomedical waste needs rapid and proper segregation and disposal methods to avoid future consequences. Main body of the abstract From literatures and statistical data available on Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) it shows that India lags behind in large-scale sorting, collection, careful storage, transfer and disposal of bio waste. India has its own guidelines set by the CPCB to ensure the safe disposal of biomedical waste during diagnosis, treatment and quarantine of COVID-19 patients. Although there are strict guidelines for bio-waste management, many hospitals in the process of implementing them often dispose of waste in inappropriate, chaotic and indiscriminate ways due to negligence or laziness. Often, due to poor separation practices, hospital waste is mixed with general waste, resulting in harmful overall waste flow. Waste disposal handlers are not safe due to their exposure to various health risks and inadequate training in waste management. The present review sheds light on guidelines, measures, and challenges related to biomedical waste management. Short conclusion Improper waste separation leads to improper waste disposal. Waste generation and management issues are causing daily problems as they have a profound impact on the dramatically changing global environment, including air, water and soil pollution. In addition, BMW's daily production and its processing are inversely proportional. This situation suggests that India will soon be drowning in its own garbage. The focus of this review is on the generation and disposal of biomedical waste. Based on a review of the literature, this evaluation provides a comparative picture of the current status of waste generation, national waste management strategies, and some measures to contribute to waste management and avoid future disasters.
Teneligliptin Hydrobromide is a long-acting, orally bioavailable, pyrolidone anti-diabetic activity with a solubility of 1.7mg/ml in water which also depends upon the pH and temperature of the solvent. So, Solid dispersion of drug with different polymers an attempt was made to improve dissolution of teneligliptin hydrobromide. The aim of this study was to prepare, characterize and compare solid dispersions of poorly water soluble anti diabetic drug by using PVP and HPMC for enhancing the dissolution rate of the drug. The solid dispersions were prepared by physical mixing method and kneading method at 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1 ratios of drug to polymer. The drug-excipient interaction study showed that the drug and polymers were compatible with each other. The formulations were evaluated for percent drug content, micromeritics and in-vitro dissolution studies. In the present study it was seen that there was an increase in in-vitro drug release for solid dispersion as compared to the pure drug taken alone. Based on the pattern of drug release, the kneading method showed more drug release as compared to physical mix method. In physical mix method, the rate of dissolution of teneligliptin hydrobromide was increased in teneligliptin and Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) with the proportion of (1:2) when compared to the other formulations. In kneading method, the rate of dissolution of teneligliptin hydrobromide was increased in drug and Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) with the proportion of (1:2) when compared to the other formulations. Finally, solid dispersion containing HPMC, as a carrier, gave faster dissolution rates among all the formulations and was selected as the optimized formulation inthis study.
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