ADAMTS13 activity in the patient was below 5%, and ADAMTS13 antibody was absent. Subsequent genetic analysis of the ADAMTS13 gene revealed a novel homozygous mutation (i.e., frameshift insertion mutation A237GfsX153 [c.708_709insG] in Exon 7 of ADAMTS13). Both parents were heterozygous for this mutation.
Objectives: Developed countries have been alarmed at the rates of primary/transmitted drug resistance of HIV-1. There is a debate on the validity of certain polymorphisms in HIV-1 Subtype C mutations related to consensus Subtype B sequences being associated with and sometimes mistaken as, primary resistance. In this preliminary study, we have determined polymorphisms in reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) genes of HIV-1 Subtype C from a patient cohort in Mumbai, India. Methods: The study was performed with plasma samples from twenty-four patients (antiretroviral therapy experienced as well as drug-naive) employing a 'home-brew' semi-nested reverse-transcriptase-PCR followed by sequencing and sequence analysis. The Stanford HIV drug-resistance database was used for analysis and interpretation of polymorphisms and other drug-resistance mutations. We also analysed Surveillance Drug Resistance Mutations (SDRMs) for PR gene. Results: Polymorphisms were determined at a mutational frequency of 0.1337 ± 0.042 in PR gene and 0.067 ± 0.014 in RT gene, while 16.6% and 12.5% samples harboured drug-resistance mutations in PR and RT genes respectively. Substitutions greater than 50% were at positions at L19, V82, M36, R41, L63, H69, L89 and I93 for PR gene and D121, K122, T165, K166, K173, D177, T200, Q207 and R211 for RT gene. Additionally, PR gene SDRMs were observed in 15.0% samples. Conclusions: Our findings concur with previous findings that polymorphisms in HIV-1 Subtype C from India exist and reiterate that these polymorphisms may also include a number of major and minor/accessory mutations associated with resistance. Most of the drug-resistance databases available online are based on Subtype B; hence, we recommend that HIV Subtype-specific drug-resistance databases be created to empower routine and unambiguous surveillance of drug-resistance prior to initiating antiretroviral therapy, especially while including Protease Inhibitors.
Background: The objective of this study is to scientifically study and assess the levels of C3 and C4 in SAM children pre-and post-supplementation with MNT and SNT.Methods: In this comparative study we have analyzed C3 in 40 severely acute malnourished children pre and post medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and 35 severely acute malnourished children pre and post standard nutrition therapy (SNT) in the age group of 1 month to 3 years and C4 in 40 severely acute malnourished children pre and post medical nutrition therapy (MNT) and 35 severely acute malnourished children pre and post standard nutrition therapy (SNT) in the age group of 1 month to 3 years at LTM medical college and general hospital. C3 and C4 were analyzed by immunoturbidimetric assay method on RX Daytona analyzer.Results: The level of C3 was significantly low prior to the supplementation which increased after nutrition therapy, in both the groups. However, C4 levels decreased in both the groups. This decreased was found to be significant. The decrease of C4 in children supplemented with MNT was greater than those supplemented with SNT children.Conclusions: The values of C3 which increased after supplementation and the decreased values of C4 after supplementation were more significant in the MNT group this confirms MNT is a better therapy for curing malnutrition than that of the SNT.
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