We report that the use of ABC mDIBH technique resulted in a significant reduction in cardiac dose and hence can be considered as a promising tool for cardiac sparing.
Background: The most difficult aspect of diagnosing lung cancer is early diagnosis. According to the American Cancer Society, each year, there are around 11 million newly diagnosed instances of cancer worldwide. Radiologists often turn to Computed Tomography (CT) scans to diagnose respiratory conditions, which can reveal if lung tissue remains normal or abnormal. However, there is an increased chance of inaccuracy and delay; therefore, radiologists are concerned with the physical segmentation of nodules. Objective: The objective of the research is to implement an advanced modified threshold segmentation and classification model for early and accurate detection of lung cancer from CT images. Methods: Using the Support Vector Machines (SVM) classifier as well as the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) classifier, the authors propose using Modified adaptive threshold segmentation as a segmentation approach for cancer detection. Here, Lung Image Database Consortium (LIDC) datasets, a collection of CT scans, are used as the video frames in an investigation to authorize the recitation of the suggested technique. Results: Both quantitative as well as qualitative analyses are used to analyze the segmentation function of the anticipated algorithm. Both the ANN and SVM classifiers used in the suggested technique for lung cancer diagnosis achieve world-record levels of accuracy, with the former achieving a 96.3% detection rate and the latter a 97% rate of accuracy. Conclusion: This innovation may have a major impact on the worldwide rate of lung cancer rate due to its ability to detect lung tumors in their earliest stages when they are most amenable to being avoided and treated. This method is useful because it provides more information and facilitates quick, precise decision-making for doctors diagnosing lung cancer in their patients.
A radiation field is considered small if its dimension is lower than the range of secondary electrons and the collimating devices partially occlude the source. Different detector types, such as unshielded diodes, diamond detectors, and small-volume ion chambers, are used for small-field measurements. Although the active volumes of these detectors are small, their non-water equivalent materials cause response variations. Herein, we aim to calculate the correction factors for our clinical detectors, EDGE detector (Sun Nuclear), 60017 diode (PTW), and CC01 ion chamber (IBA), for stereotactic radiosurgery cones of diameters of 5–15 mm in an Elekta Synergy linear accelerator using a Monte Carlo simulation. An Elekta Synergy linear accelerator treatment head was simulated using BEAMnrc Monte Carlo code as per the manufacturer specification. All three detectors were simulated as per the manufacturer specification. Three EGSnrc user codes were used for the detector simulation based on the detector geometry. The Monte Carlo model of the treatment head was validated against the measured data for a standard field size of 10 × 10 cm2. The off-axis profile, percentage depth dose, and tissue phantom ratio TPR 10 20 were verified in the validation procedure. The measured and Monte Carlo calculated relative output factors (ROFs) were not consistent. In a 5 mm field size, EDGE diode overestimated the ROF by 7.06%, and 60017 diode to 4.611%. In a 7.5 mm field size, the variations were 4.295% and 3.691% for EDGE and 60017 diodes, respectively. CC01 ion chamber under-responded up to 10% because of its low-density active volume. The maximum corrections were obtained in the smallest field size, which were 0.939(0.007), 0.962(0.006), and 1.117(0.008) for EDGE, PTW T60017, and CC01 detectors, respectively. After applying the Monte Carlo calculated correction factor to the measured ROF, it became consistent with the Monte Carlo calculated ROF.
The measurement of refractive index of liquids is of great importance as it is its prime optical property. There are several methods of refractive index measurement for liquids. But the accuracy of measurement is influenced by temperature fluctuations. In this paper, a method is proposed for the implementation of an accurate, portable and temperature resilient, fiber based refractometer for liquids. The analog front end of the refracto meter alone is a cost effective adulteration detector. It can be calibrated to measure the amount of adulteration or absolute refractive index of liquids. The temperature resilience in measurement is achieved using an instrumentation amplifier with high Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR). This refractometer is implemented both using glass and plastic fibers.
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