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Purpose This study aims to identify and classify the types of value stemming from cooperative creation of experience among customers present in various social and interaction-rich service settings, thus leading to customer–customer value co-creation. Design/methodology/approach This exploratory qualitative study uses phenomenological approach and involves ten semi-structured in-depth interviews conducted in different interaction-rich service settings. The interviews were analysed using soft laddering interview technique to uncover various customer-to-customer (C2C) co-created values. Findings Based upon the literature available and the interviews conducted, the types of value classified in this study are hedonic value (further classified as relational/social/interactional value, emotional value, epistemic/novelty/learning/information-seeking, personal value and symbolic/expressive value), atmospheric value and economic/utilitarian value (efficiency and quality). Research limitations/implications One of the major limitations would be the small number of interviews conducted in a few service setups, which makes it difficult to generalise the results. Also, customer–customer interactions, leading to value co-creation online, were not considered. Practical implications By facilitating C2C value co-creation, service firms would be able to obtain increased contributory support among customers and also facilitate its customers in providing superior customer experience indirectly to others present, which is considered to be the ultimate goal of a firm. Originality/value This would be among the first studies to classify the types of value taking place when customers interact among themselves and to provide concrete suggestions for the managers fostering C2C value co-creation during a service.

Albeit customer-to-customer interaction (CCI) is something inevitable in a socially dense interaction-rich service setup, there has not been any review in this area of literature. However, a considerable amount of extant research has highlighted the importance of inter-customer encounters during a service encounter. Customer-to-customer value co-creation during collective consumption is gaining relevance in the field of contemporary services marketing research. This review deals with searching articles through the Scopus database and systematically reviewing 115 articles related to customer-to-customer value co-creation and CCI. While highlighting their contribution to the services marketing literature and various theories, methodologies followed by the authors, it paves the way for developing the proposed conceptual framework for the process of customer-to-customer value co-creation. This way, the article adds up to the extant multi-approach research area revolving around customer-to-customer interactions/relationships, customer engagement, and value co-creation among the customers during a service encounter. The study recommends practitioners analyze and monitor the aspects proposed through a practical implication.

Analysis of the essential oil from the rhizome of Alpinia calcarata Rosc. (ACREO) by a combination of GC and GC-MS revealed the presence of 1,8-cineole (42.2%), endo-fenchyl acetate (14.7%), camphene (7.6%), β-pinene (6.9%), α-terpineol (5.3%) and camphor (5.0%). Twenty-three compounds were identified in the oil. ACREO showed dose dependent myorelaxant activity in rat duodenum. The dose response curves of acetylcholine (ACh) and CaCl 2 were shifted by ACREO to the right with increases in EC 50 values and decreases in V max. These findings suggest that ACREO is a non-competitive antagonist of ACh and calcium.

Research ABSTRACTA total of 1480 calving records from crossbred cattle maintained at Instructional Dairy Farm of the University covering a period of 9 years (1994)(1995)(1996)(1997)(1998)(1999)(2000)(2001)(2002) were used to study the genetic parameters of replacement rate and its components. The Heritability estimates for sex ratio, abortion, still birth, mortality, culling, replacement rate on female calf bases and on total pregnancies bases were observed very low for all the traits. The genetic and phenotypic correlations among all these traits were observed from medium to very high. Out of total losses about 71.50% of the cows were died and 28.50% were culled during the entire period of study. Quantification of different components of replacement rate showed that range of incidence of prenatal losses was 0.0-17.18 and 0.0-11.69% respectively. In case of male birth, mortality and culling were ranged from 0.0-100%. Quantification of replacement rate on the bases of female calves born and on the bases of total pregnancies were observed 0.0-60%. The replacement index in this study during different periods ranged from 0.90 (1999) to 2.39 (2002). The replacement index was found more than one during all periods from 1994 to 2002 except 1999 which indicate that the herd size increased during these periods. This showed that the number of heifers calving compensated the loss of cows from the herd. However, the ratio of the number of heifers calving to the number of cows lost was found to be little higher than one (i.e. 1.37) which showed addition in the herd size.