Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is an ecological imbalance of the vaginal microbiota affecting mostly women of reproductive age group. This study was carried out among 160 nonpregnant women registered at the Outpatient Department of Gynaecology/Obstetrics of KIST Medical College Teaching Hospital, Imadol, Lalitpur, Nepal, from November 2014 to May 2015. The aim of the study was to assess the association of the risk factors with BV and analyze the type of bacteria associated with BV. Nugent's scoring method was used for diagnosis of BV in this study. The overall prevalence of BV was 24.4% among symptomatic patients. Douching was statistically related to BV (P = 0.015). Also, BV was significantly associated with consistency (P = 0.0001), odor (P = 0.02), and amount of abnormal vaginal discharge (P = 0.09). Contraceptives users on anatomical sites were found more prone to BV than those who did not use contraceptives on anatomical sites. Pseudomonas spp., Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Enterobacter spp., Citrobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci (CoNS), and Streptococcus agalactiae were associated with BV and out of those Lactobacillus spp. was the predominant organism. The higher prevalence of BV among symptomatic patients indicates interventions should be applied to reduce the incidence of stillbirth, abortion, and sterility.

Introduction: Cesarean section is a surgical procedure performed to deliver fetus through abdominal route. Increasing rate of cesarean section worldwide is an alarming concern for public health and obstetricians due to increase in financial burden and risk to health of the mother in comparison to vaginal delivery. The aim of the study was to find the prevalence of cesarean section and its most common indication in a tertiary care hospital. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was done in a tertiary care hospital, from July 2016 to June 2018 after taking ethical clearance from institutional review board. Convenience sampling was done to reach the sample size. Data was collected and entry was done in microsoft excel, point estimate at 95% CI was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data and analysis was done. Results: Out of total deliveries conducted, 862 (36.8%) were CS deliveries, 1477 (63.1%) were vaginal deliveries, and 12 (0.51%) were instrumental deliveries. Prevalence of CS is 862 (36.8%) at 95% CI (34.82%-38.78%). Mean age±S.D of delivering mother was found to be 26.1±0.25 years. Primi cesarean section was more than repeat cesarean section. Most common indication of cesarean section was fetal distress 243 (28%) followed by previous cesarean section 165 (18%), non-progress of labour 106 (12%), oligohydramnios 59 (7%), malpresentation 59 (7%), cephalo pelvic disorders 52 (6.5%), and hypertensive disorder in pregnancy 33 (4%). Conclusions: Prevalence of cesarean section in a tertiary care hospital is high compared to WHO data. The most common indication of cesarean section are fetal distress and previous cesarean section.

Introduction: Abnormal uterine bleeding is a common gynecological presentation, accounting forat least 20% of all new outpatient visits. It has been recognized that thyroid dysfunction may haveprofound effects on the female reproductive system. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism areassociated with a variety of changes, including delayed onset of puberty, anovulatory cycles, andabnormally high fetal wastage. Hence, this study was conducted to know the thyroid status of thepatient with abnormal uterine bleeding. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in all the patients with abnormaluterine bleeding in a tertiary care hospital from 2 August 2019 to 2 February 2020. Ethical clearancewas received from the institutional review committee of KIST Medical College. Convenient samplingwas done. Data was collected using a questionnaire which includes patients profile, the pattern ofabnormal uterine bleeding, and thyroid profile. Statistical analysis was done using Statistical Packagefor the Social Sciences version 23. Results: Out of 79 patients, it was found that 67 (84.8%) were euthyroid, 11 (13.9%) were hypothyroid,and 1 (1.2%) was hyperthyroidism. The most common type of abnormal uterine bleeding wasmenorrhagia 34 (43%), followed by polymenorrhoea 23 (29%), oligomenorrhoea 13 (16.5%),menometrorrhagia 6 (7.6%), metrorrhagia 2 (2.5%), and hypomenorrhea 1 (1.3%). The maximumnumber of patients was between 20-25 years with the mean age of 31 years. Among hypothyroid, 7(8.8%) had subclinical hypothyroidism and 4 (5%) had frank hypothyroidism. Conclusions: Most females with abnormal uterine bleeding were euthyroid. Menorrhagia was themost common pattern of abnormal uterine bleeding.

Introduction: This study was done to find out the incidence of malpresentation among all deliveries with various types of Malpresentations, its mode of delivery , maternal and fetal predisposing factors with outcome. Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study done at KIST Medical College and Teaching Hospital. Review cases of women admitted in labor after 22 weeks with malpresentation was done. Maternal/fetal predisposing factors were recorded. Results: Total delivery in study period was 4009 where 101 (2.5%) were of malpresentation. Breech was the commonest malpresentation 83 (82.1%). Assisted vaginal delivery occurred in 16 (15.8%) and 953 (84.2%) caesarian section. Malpresentations was common in primigravida 62 (61.3%). Half (47.2%) cases had one/more predisposing factors, commonest being oligohydramnious 7 (6.9%). Out of 108 babies with malpresentation, 10 had perinatal deaths and 10 had NICU admissions. Congenital anomaly was found in 4 babies. Conclusions: The most common type of malpresentation was breech common in primigravida with oligohydramnios as contributing factor.

Introduction: Premenstrual syndrome is the premenstrual disorder with wide range of prevalence world-wide leading to higher rates of work absences, higher medical expenses, and lower health-related quality of life. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among medical students of a medical college. Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in a medical college among medical students using self-reported questionnaires based on American College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists criteria for premenstrual syndrome, and 12-Item Short Form Health Survey for quality of life, from 1 January 2022 to 31 March 2022 after obtaining ethical approval from the Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 207807955). Convenience sampling was used among students who met the inclusion criteria. Point estimate and 95% Confidence Interval were calculated. Results: Among 113 patients, premenstrual syndrome according was seen in 83 (73.45%) (82.93-83.06, 95% Confidence Interval) out of which, 56 (67.46%) showed mild premenstrual syndrome, and 27 (32.53%) had moderate premenstrual syndrome. The most commonly reported affective symptoms of premenstrual syndrome was irritability 82 (98.79%), while the somatic symptoms was abdominal bloating 63 (75.90%). Conclusions: The prevalence of premenstrual syndrome among medical students was similar to in the other studies done in similar settings.