The purpose of this work is to study theoretically the shell structure of even–even isotopes in Si, S, Ar and Ca and isotones at neutron number N = 0, 28, 50 and 82. We employed Covariant Relativistic self-consistent mean field models analogous to Kohn–Sham density functional theory to construct the Nuclear Density Functionals from Lagrangian densities based on meson exchange and point coupling models. The pairing correlations of nucleons are considered by the relativistic Hartree–Bogoliubov functional based on quasi-particle operators of Bogoliubov transformations. The theoretical calculations of shell closure parameter [Formula: see text](N) and the differential variation of the two-neutron separation energy [Formula: see text](Z, N) provide recognizable signature of shell closure at N = 14 and 20 in case of Si, N = 14, 20 and 28 in S, Ar and Ca isotopes and are consistent with recent experimental investigations of new sub-shell gaps.
Himachal Pradesh is a state located in the Indian Himalayan Region, one of the world's biodiversity hotspots, which assures its biodiversity richness and its ecological sensitivity. Due to the rapid rate of development, this Himalayan state has recently experienced many land use changes. To better understand the dynamics of land cover, the study's main objectives are to define the key LULC classes and compute and assess the size and rate of change for these classes during a 20-year period (2000 to 2020). For the purpose of this study, we processed and classified images using the Google Earth Engine Platform. The Landsat surface reflectance data products were selected for the years 2000, 2010 and 2020. Thereafter, the median of image collections was derived to get the final image to be classified for the study area. The Random Forest classifier was used to classify the images into seven landcover classes, i.e., agriculture, forest, water, glacier, built-up, grassland, and barren. The results revealed that the total area covered by agriculture has declined over time (0.26%), while forests (1.04%) and built-up areas (0.48%) in the state have expanded from the year 2000 to 2020. The main reason for the reduction in agriculture area is decrease in agricultural activities, while afforestation and continuous infrastructural development have resulted in an increase in forest cover and built-up areas, respectively. The result of this study gives a comprehensive picture of land cover changes in the state, which could further assist policymakers in strategizing for the state’s long-term socioeconomic development.
Purpose: To study the effect of nuclear deformation on proton bubble structure of N = 28 isotones and and compare it with the spherical limits. The reduction of depletion fraction due to deformation can be explained by studying the relative differences in the central densities.Methods: In this work, we have employed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (RHB) model withdensity-dependent meson-exchange (DD-ME2) interaction and separable pairing interaction. We have performed axially constrained calculations to investigate the deformed proton bubble structure in 40Mg, 42Si, 44S, and 46Ar, isotones of N = 28 shell closure.Results: We have observed that the nuclear deformation play againsts the formation of bubble structure. In the spherical limits, the isotones of N = 28 shell closure have pronounced bubble structure with large value of depletion fraction. But, the increase in deformation leads to the disappearance of bubble structure. The internal densities in deformed nuclei are found to increase with deformation which can be related to the decrease in depletion fraction.Conclusion: By using RHB model, we have investigated the ground state and proton bubble structure of N = 28 isotones. In 44S, and 46Ar, the 2s1/21d3/2 states get inverted due to the weakning of spin-orbit strength. Due to strong dynamical correlations, arising from deformation, the central depletion of proton density is greatly affected in these isotones. The decrease in depletion fraction can be related to increase in the internal density due to deformation
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