Summary
Background
Ending the global tobacco epidemic is a defining challenge in global health. Timely and comprehensive estimates of the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden are needed to guide tobacco control efforts nationally and globally.
Methods
We estimated the prevalence of smoking tobacco use and attributable disease burden for 204 countries and territories, by age and sex, from 1990 to 2019 as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study. We modelled multiple smoking-related indicators from 3625 nationally representative surveys. We completed systematic reviews and did Bayesian meta-regressions for 36 causally linked health outcomes to estimate non-linear dose-response risk curves for current and former smokers. We used a direct estimation approach to estimate attributable burden, providing more comprehensive estimates of the health effects of smoking than previously available.
Findings
Globally in 2019, 1·14 billion (95% uncertainty interval 1·13–1·16) individuals were current smokers, who consumed 7·41 trillion (7·11–7·74) cigarette-equivalents of tobacco in 2019. Although prevalence of smoking had decreased significantly since 1990 among both males (27·5% [26·5–28·5] reduction) and females (37·7% [35·4–39·9] reduction) aged 15 years and older, population growth has led to a significant increase in the total number of smokers from 0·99 billion (0·98–1·00) in 1990. Globally in 2019, smoking tobacco use accounted for 7·69 million (7·16–8·20) deaths and 200 million (185–214) disability-adjusted life-years, and was the leading risk factor for death among males (20·2% [19·3–21·1] of male deaths). 6·68 million [86·9%] of 7·69 million deaths attributable to smoking tobacco use were among current smokers.
Interpretation
In the absence of intervention, the annual toll of 7·69 million deaths and 200 million disability-adjusted life-years attributable to smoking will increase over the coming decades. Substantial progress in reducing the prevalence of smoking tobacco use has been observed in countries from all regions and at all stages of development, but a large implementation gap remains for tobacco control. Countries have a clear and urgent opportunity to pass strong, evidence-based policies to accelerate reductions in the prevalence of smoking and reap massive health benefits for their citizens.
Funding
Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.
Impulse buying is an important area of consumer behaviour. The process of impulse buying is influenced by various external, situational, and internal stimulus factors. The extant literature review suggests that various external and situational factors are studied in great detail; however, studies on various internal stimulus factors are rare. Hence, this study explores relevant research gaps, and, in this process, it identifies three internal stimulus factors such as materialism, hedonism and perceived risk as potential antecedents to impulse buying. This article also suggests the use of moderator variables, individualism, and income, the impact of which is to be tested on the respective proposed relationships. This article reviews the contributions of all seminal as well as other important works from 1950 through 2018 conducted in the field of impulse buying. In this process, it includes relevant published academic and research papers through a comprehensive search from the database of Scopus, electronic sources such as Sage Journals, Science Direct, Emerald Insight and aggregators such as JSTOR and EBSCOhost. However, consequently, it excludes unpublished doctoral thesis, conference proceedings, working papers, and dissertations. The reviewed literature are all written and documented in the English language.
Background: In the healthcare domain, patients’ trust in the hospital plays an instrumental role in determining the behavioral intention of the patient. This article attempts to investigate the impact of service quality perception on behavioral intention with the mediating effect of trust in the hospital and patient satisfaction. Methods: This research was carried out in multispecialty hospitals located in Bangalore Urban and Mysore districts of Karnataka during August 2021. This was a questionnaire-based study and the sample size was 242. Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) 27.0 and SmartPLS 3.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results: The findings revealed that perceived service quality significantly influences trust through patient satisfaction (observed partial mediation) and patient satisfaction significantly impacts behavioral intention through trust (observed partial mediation). Conclusion: This study empowers hospital managers to understand the factors influencing behavioral intention. Healthcare professionals must ensure that good quality service is delivered to enhance patient satisfaction and trust in adverse services, which influence behavioral intention among the patients.
Government expenditure is linked to the economic growth and is the driving force of the every country. In the post
liberalization era, India has been exposed to the dynamics of the world economy due to which India has witnessed a
significant impact of Government spending on its economic growth. The objective of this paper is to investigate the
effects of the Central Government spending on the growth of the Indian economy over a period, from 2006 to 2016. The
online data disclosures of the various ministries have been the major source of secondary data. Co-integration analysis
is adopted to evaluate the effect of individual sectorial spending on the economic growth and gross domestic product.
The economic spending is classified into 5 sectors namely: General Services, Social Services, Economic Services,
Grants in Aid & Contribution and Public debt & Loans for analysis, as disclosed by the sources. The analysis gives us
an idea of the various sectors which have a positive impact and the sectors which have a negative impact. The results
would play an instrumental role in exploring the sectors in which the government should invest more, thereby
contributing to an enhancement in the country’s growth.
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