Radiographic examination is essential for the diagnosis and management of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders. The goals of TMJ radiography are to evaluate cortical and trabecular architecture of the bony structures and confirm their integrity, to assess the extent and monitor progression of osseous changes, and to evaluate the response to treatment. Accurate evaluation of the TMJ by conventional radiography is limited by structure superimposition. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) provides high-resolution multiplanar images and delivers substantially lower radiation dose, compared with multislice CT. CBCT allows examination of TMJ anatomy without superimposition and distortion to facilitate analysis of bone morphology, joint space and dynamic function in all three dimensions. This article will describe the role of CBCT imaging for the assessment of the TMJ osseous structures and present typical appearances of common pathological conditions of the TMJ.Keywords: Cone beam, temporomandibular joints.Abbreviations and acronyms: CBCT = cone beam computed tomography; CH = coronoid hyperplasia; CT = computed tomography; FOV = field of view; MRI = magnetic resonance imaging; OA = osteoarthritis; RA = rheumatoid arthritis; SC = synovial chondromatosis; TMD = temporomandibular disorders; TMJ = temporomandibular joints.