Urine samples from 197 Arkansas children were analyzed for eight chlorinated phenols and four chlorinated phenoxy herbicides by using a new procedure that combined gas chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. With the detection limit of 1 part per billion (ppb), six of these pesticides were detected in more than 10% of the samples. 2,5-Dichlorophenol (a metabolite of p-dichlorobenzene), and pentachlorophenol were detected in 96% and 100%, respectively, of the children's urine at median concentrations of 9 ppb and 14 ppb, respectively. 2,4,5-Trichlorophenol was detected in 54% of the children's urine at a median concentration of 1 ppb. One trichlorophenol and three other dichlorophenols were found in 3% to 27% of the samples. The herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid was observed in 20% of all samples. The concentrations of all analytes are reported as background or reference levels for use in future studies. The finding of 2,5-dichlorophenol as a ubiquitous contaminant merits further study.
Paramonostomwn caec•i n. sp., adults of which occur mainly in the intestinal caeca of Anas superciliosa, Cygnus atratus and I'oliocephalus pol1:ocephalus, is described. It is considered to closely resemble P. maleri.schi from which it differs in being only one-third the size, having a spinose tegument and a cirrus covered with tubercles. P. bur'Scte n. sp., adults of which have been found inhabiting the bursa of Fabricius of Anas super•cil•iosa is described and considered to be most similar to P. alveatum and P. parvum but to differ from them in the distribution of its vitellaria, the position of its ovary relative to the testes and in having a greater number of uterine loops. The domestic duck, Anas platyrhynchos, was found to serve as an experimental host for both new species. A brack ish water snail, Coxiella badgerensis, inhabiting Calverts Lagoon in southeast Tasmania serves as a natural intermediate host for P. caeci n.sp. and P. bursae n.sp. and also for two other undescribed notocotylids. Developmental stages (rediae, cercariae and meta cercariae) of both new Parmnonostomum species are described. The cercaria of I'. caeci n. sp. belongs to the Imbricata group, and that of P. bursae n.sp. to the Yenchingensis group.
The morphology of AtriophaUophoY'Us coxieUae n.sp., Mm,ttrema caZvertensis n.sp., and MicrophaUus tasmaniae n.sp. (Trematoda: Microphallidae) is described. The description of A. cox-ieUae is based on metacercariae found encysted in the hepatopancreas a.Tld gonads of the brackish water snail Coxiella badgcr•ensiB Johnston 1878.Adul t, but sexually immature, trematodes taken from the small intestine of the dotter•els CharadY'ius cucuUatus Vieillot and CharadriuB rUficapiLZus Temminck, which feed on Coxiella badgerensis, are considered identical with the metacercariae from the snail. The account of Mar-itrema calvertensis n.sp. is based on adult trematodes found in the lower intestine, caeca, and rectum of the duck, AnaB castanea Eyton, and dotterels CharadriuB cuculZatus and C. melanops Vieillot. From a comparison of metacercariae taken from certain small cysts found in the alnphipod Austrochi Ztonia australis Sayce 1901, and also in the alimentary tract of the birds, it is assumed that the amphipod is an intermediate host. The description of Microphallus tasmaniae n.sp. is based on adult trematodes found in the intestine, caeca and rectum of Anas castanea and the dotterels CharadY'ius cucuUatus, C. melanops and C. rUficapiUus. Certain large cysts found in the amphipod AustrochiZton-ia australis, and also in the gut of the birds infected with Microphallus tasmaniae n. sp., contained metacercariae almost identical with the adult. It is therefore assumed that the amphipod is an intermediate host of M. ta,gmaniae n.sp. The definitive and intermediate hosts of the trematodes described were all taken at Calverts Lagoon, Tasmania.
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