Suitable
intercalation cathodes and fundamental insights into the
Zn-ion storage mechanism are the crucial factors for the booming development
of aqueous zinc-ion batteries. Herein, a novel nickel vanadium oxide
hydrate (Ni0.25V2O5·0.88H2O) is synthesized and investigated as a high-performance electrode
material, which delivers a reversible capacity of 418 mA h g–1 with 155 mA h g–1 retained at 20 A g–1 and a high capacity of 293 mA h g–1 in long-term
cycling at 10 A g–1 with 77% retention after 10,000
cycles. More importantly, multistep phase transition and chemical-state
change during intercalation/deintercalation of hydrated Zn2+ are illustrated in detail via in situ/ex situ analytical techniques
to unveil the Zn2+ storage mechanism of the hydrated and
layered vanadium oxide bronze. Furthermore, morphological development
from nanobelts to hierarchical structures during rapid ion insertion
and extraction is demonstrated and a self-hierarchical process is
correspondingly proposed. The unique evolutions of structure and morphology,
together with consequent fast Zn2+ transport kinetics,
are of significance to the outstanding zinc storage capacity, which
would enlighten the mechanism exploration of the aqueous rechargeable
batteries and push development of vanadium-based cathode materials.
In this study, an intention-driven semi-autonomous intelligent robotic (ID-SIR) system is designed and developed to assist the severely disabled patients to live independently. The system mainly consists of a non-invasive brain–machine interface (BMI) subsystem, a robot manipulator and a visual detection and localization subsystem. Different from most of the existing systems remotely controlled by joystick, head- or eye tracking, the proposed ID-SIR system directly acquires the intention from users’ brain. Compared with the state-of-art system only working for a specific object in a fixed place, the designed ID-SIR system can grasp any desired object in a random place chosen by a user and deliver it to his/her mouth automatically. As one of the main advantages of the ID-SIR system, the patient is only required to send one intention command for one drinking task and the autonomous robot would finish the rest of specific controlling tasks, which greatly eases the burden on patients. Eight healthy subjects attended our experiment, which contained 10 tasks for each subject. In each task, the proposed ID-SIR system delivered the desired beverage container to the mouth of the subject and then put it back to the original position. The mean accuracy of the eight subjects was 97.5%, which demonstrated the effectiveness of the ID-SIR system.
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