Objective
Integrating constructs from three prominent health behavior theories including the extended parallel process model, the health belief model, and the theory of planned behavior, this study seeks to identify sociopsychological factors that influenced American’s intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.
Method
An online survey was delivered to a U.S. sample (
N
= 934), assessing the influences of risk perception and fear associated with COVID-19, beliefs about and attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccines, self-efficacy, social and psychological contexts, and demographic characteristics on people’s intention to get COVID-19 vaccines.
Results
Most respondents intended to get vaccinated. However, they tended to underestimate their risks of contracting COVID-19. Disease exposure led to higher uptake intent via the mediation of fear. Safety concerns negatively influenced vaccination intention, while perceived community benefits were positively associated with vaccination intention. Positive attitudes toward vaccines and recent vaccine history were positively linked to vaccination intent.
Conclusion
This study attests the effectiveness of HBT constructs in predicting people’s intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine.
Practice Implications
The results point to the importance of fostering confidence in vaccine safety and countering overoptimism of individual susceptibility to the disease in interventions promoting COVID-19 vaccines uptake.
Rationale
Countries worldwide rely on the COVID-19 vaccine to contain the spread of the pandemic. However, because of the inequality in distribution, people in many demographic groups and regions still do not have access to a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine.
Objective
To aid vaccine promotion campaigns that target populations with different access to the COVID-19 vaccine, this study examined how vaccine availability and vaccination intention influence people's consideration of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Method
We conducted a two-wave longitudinal survey and choice-based conjoint experiment to examine the influence of vaccine availability and vaccination intention on perceived barriers of vaccination (e.g., safety and cost concern) and preference in different vaccine features (e.g., FDA approval status and number of doses administered).
Result
We found that low availability and intention increased attention to global behavioral barriers such as safety concern and high-level vaccine attributes such as efficacy. In contrast, high availability articulates practical considerations such as cost and logistics associated with vaccination.
Conclusion
Based on such findings, we conclude that health communicators need to strategically customize their messages based on audience access to the COVID-19 vaccine and their intention to get vaccinated. Highlighting the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine may be more effective in low-accessibility and low-intention groups, while emphasis on practical considerations such as vaccine cost and logistics may be more effective in high-accessibility and high-intention groups.
Ammonia, the second most-produced chemical, is widely used in agricultural and industrial applications. However, traditional industrial ammonia production dominated by the Haber-Bosch process presents huge resource and environment issues due to the massive energy consumption and CO 2 emission. The newly emerged nitrogen fixation technology, photocatalytic N 2 reduction reaction (p-NRR), uses clean solar energy with zero-emission, holding great prospect to achieve sustainable ammonia synthesis. Although great efforts are made, the p-NRR catalysts still suffer from poor N 2 adsorption and activation, inferior light absorption, and fast recombination of photocarriers. Due to the tunable electronic structure of the metal-free polymeric graphitic carbon nitride (g-C 3 N 4 ), the above-mentioned issues can be significantly alleviated, making it the most promising p-NRR photocatalyst. This review summarizes the recent development of g-C 3 N 4 -based catalysts for p-NRR, including the working principle of p-NRR catalysts, the challenges of developing p-NRR catalysts, and corresponding solutions. Particularly, the roles of defect engineering and heterojunction construction on g-C 3 N 4 to the enhancement of photocatalytic performances are emphasized. In addition, computational studies are introduced to deepen the understanding of reaction pathways. At last, perspectives are provided on the development of p-NRR catalysts.
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