This study suggests that mandatorily quarantined individuals are more likely to have mental distress and negative cognitions related to COVID-19 than their nonquarantined counterparts. Attention should be paid to the heightened perceived discrimination as it was associated with both mandatory quarantine status and negative mental health status. The findings demonstrate the need to develop interventions to meet the psychological needs of people in quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic.
COVID-19 has caused a devastating impact on public health and made the development of the COVID-19 vaccination a top priority. Herd immunity through vaccination requires a sufficient number of the population to be vaccinated. Research on factors that promote intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccination is warranted. Based on Diffusion of Innovations Theory, this study examines the association between the perceived efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination, use of social media for COVID-19 vaccine-related information, openness to experience and descriptive norm with the intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccination, and the moderating role of openness to experience among 6922 university students in mainland China. The intention to receive the free and self-paid COVID-19 vaccination is 78.9% and 60.2%, respectively. Results from path analyses show that perceived efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination, use of social media for COVID-19 vaccine-related information, and openness to experience and descriptive norm are all positively associated with the intention to receive COVID-19 free and self-paid vaccination. The association between the perceived efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination and descriptive norm with the intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccination is stronger among those with a lower level of openness to experience. Our findings support the usefulness of Diffusion of Innovations Theory and the moderating role of openness of experience in explaining intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccination.
Background The COVID-19 epidemic may elevate mental distress and depressive symptoms in various populations in China. Objective This study investigates the levels of depression and mental distress due to COVID-19, and the associations between cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial factors, and depression and mental distress due to COVID-19 among university students in China. Methods A large-scale online cross-sectional study (16 cities in 13 provinces) was conducted among university students from February 1 to 10, 2020, in China; 23,863 valid questionnaires were returned. The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 was used to assess depression. Structural equation modeling was performed to test mediation and suppression effects. Results Of the 23,863 participants, 47.1% (n=11,235) reported high or very high levels of one or more types of mental distress due to COVID-19; 39.1% (n=9326) showed mild to severe depression. Mental distress due to COVID-19 was positively associated with depression. All but one factor (perceived infection risks, perceived chance of controlling the epidemic, staying at home, contacted people from Wuhan, and perceived discrimination) were significantly associated with mental distress due to COVID-19 and depression. Mental distress due to COVID-19 partially mediated and suppressed the associations between some of the studied factors and depression (effect size of 6.0%-79.5%). Conclusions Both mental distress due to COVID-19 and depression were prevalent among university students in China; the former may have increased the prevalence of the latter. The studied cognitive, behavioral, and psychosocial factors related to COVID-19 may directly or indirectly (via mental distress due to COVID-19) affect depression. Interventions to modify such factors may reduce mental distress and depressive symptoms during the COVID-19 epidemic.
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination is expected to end the pandemic; a high coverage rate is required to meet this end. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of behavioral intention of free/self-paid COVID-19 vaccination and its associations with prosociality and social responsibility among university students in China. Methods: An anonymous online cross-sectional survey was conducted among 6922 university students in five provinces in China during November 1-28, 2020. With informed consent, participants filled out an online survey link distributed to them via WeChat study groups. The response rate was 72.3%. Results: The prevalence of behavioral intentions of free COVID-19 vaccination was 78.1%, but it dropped to 57.7% if the COVID-19 vaccination involved self-payment (400 RMB; around 42 USD). After adjusting for background factors, prosociality (free vaccination: adjusted odds ratio [ORa] = 1.10, 95% CI: 1.09-1.12; self-paid vaccination: ORa = 1.08, 95% CI: 1.07-1.09) and social responsibility (free vaccination: ORa = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.14-1.19; self-paid vaccination: ORa = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.11-1.14) were positively associated with the two variables of COVID-19 vaccination intention. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated the positive effects of prosociality and social responsibility on the intention of COVID-19 vaccination. Accordingly, modification of prosociality and social responsibility can potentially improve COVID-19 vaccination. Future longitudinal and intervention studies are warranted to confirm such associations across populations and countries.
Background This study examined clients’ treatment satisfaction with the services provided by methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in China and explored relevant factors that are directly or indirectly associated with treatment satisfaction. Methods The study used baseline data from a randomized controlled trial conducted among 2,448 clients from 68 MMT clinics in five provinces of China. The participants reported their demographic characteristics, treatment-related factors, depressive symptoms, treatment progression, counseling rapport, and treatment satisfaction. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the direct and indirect relationships among various factors and treatment satisfaction. Results Clients’ demographic characteristics, such as older age, had both a direct effect on treatment satisfaction and an indirect effect mediated by counseling rapport. Depressive symptoms and a lack of social support had a direct negative impact on treatment satisfaction and an indirect effect mediated by treatment progression and counseling rapport. Both mediators: treatment progression (estimate=0.227, p<0.01) and counseling rapport (estimate=0.229, p<0.01), showed positive associations with treatment satisfaction. Conclusion The findings reiterate the complex nature of MMT clients’ treatment satisfaction and its interrelationship with multidimensional factors. The study has implications for evaluating the quality of care provided by MMT programs and suggests several strategies that can potentially improve MMT clients’ level of treatment satisfaction.
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