Enzyme immobilisation technology is an effective means to improve sugar ester production through the employment of biocatalysts. In the present study, immobilisation of Candida rugosa (CRL) lipase onto amino-activated mica is performed via covalent bonding (namely Amino-CRL) and the cross-linking of lipases into nano-reactors through physical adsorption (namely NER-CRL). Free and immobilised lipases were tested for their esterification activities. Specific activities for Amino-CRL and NER-CRL increased by 2.4 and 2.6-fold, respectively, upon immobilisation. Extending this work, immobilised lipases have novel capabilities in the synthesis of sugar esters. The optimised conditions for sugar fatty acid ester syntheses are 48 h at 2:1 of molar ratio of lactose sugar to capric acid at 55 °C. Furthermore, a high operational stability with half-lives of over 13 and 10 runs was achieved for NER-CRL and Amino-CRL, respectively, indicating the efficiency of the immobilisation process.
Optically active (−)-menthyl butyrate was synthesized by enantioselective esterification of racemic (±)-menthol and butyric anhydride using lipase from Candida rugosa immobilized onto epoxy-activated supports of Eupergit C and Eupergit C 250 L through physical adsorption method. The effects of various temperature, storage condition, stability in organic solvent and lipase recyclability were investigated for their influence on the enzymatic enantioselective formation of (−)-menthyl butyrate. The immobilized lipases retained high catalytic activity of up to 31% yield and 100% enantiomeric excess of the desired product, and showed better stability compared to the native lipase. They also exhibited about 50% retained activity even after incubation at higher temperatures, storage at room temperature and after long incubation in hexane. Immobilized lipases also showed considerably efficient reusability.
Purpose of the study: Through an investigative news, “Kapal Patroli Pembawa Selisih” (Tempo, 2004, May 16), this research is conducted for the purpose of examining Tempo’s investigative reporting pattern – how Tempo conceptualize its investigative reporting, how Tempo plan its investigative reporting, how Tempo evaluate its investigative reporting and how Tempo conduct its investigative reporting. Methodology: This study uses qualitative method with case study approach, through interpretive framework. Case study approach designed for this research is a single case (embedded) in nature, which applies multi-level analysis. Analysis is carried out to discover the answers to understand the reporting of investigation, both stated by literature and meanings conceptualized by Tempo Magazine itself. ‘One observation’ is the terminology of investigative reporting (11-steps of investigative reporting by Paul N. Williams). Main Findings: Investigative reporting by Tempo Magazine is a rigorous and systematic reporting, disclosing wrongdoing based on evidence, facts and data. Investigation’s editorials of Tempo Magazine form special teams. The investigation team gives emphasis to quality and capacity of journalists, which coordinated by an editor. Investigasi rubric is systematically a reporting unit integrated with Tempo’s editorial management. Applications of this study: Tempo’s investigative activity in Indonesia is not only a matter of press action. Its presence encourages democratic verve in Indonesia. Tempo’s reporting pattern represents social, cultural, politics and other subjects. As a matter of fact, Tempo’s investigative reporting is linked to Indonesia’s Human Rights Affair, in articulating freedom of thought and opinion. Thus, this research is able to be use as material for research in politics, sociology, communication, media and cultural studies. Novelty/Originality of this study: Investigative reporting is rather a unique topic of research. Most of the research discuss investigation within the news themes and its impact, or journalistic professionalism. Thus, the research on Tempo’s investigative reporting has its novelty.
Purpose of the study: This paper reviews recent literature on issues and challenges of the future newspaper. It traces issues and challenges that generally impacting the journalism industry worldwide and may be applied for future studies that shall further examine this matter empirically. Methodology: This is a discussion paper that does not apply any research method. The discussion is done based on recent reviews related to the issue of the future of the newspaper and its trend. Main Findings: Based on the review, there are five major issues and challenges identified which are the decline in newspaper circulations around the world, and the shrinking size of the industry. Following Wahl-Jorgensen et al. (2016), risks and threats, opportunities and digital journalism are fundamental questions that constitute a discussion of the future of the newspaper. Among the clear risks and threats is the issue of circulation, the emergence of the digital industry and its business model, social media and smartphones and several other issues such as identifying the direction of the newspaper's future discussions covering false news, speed of information (risks and threats), digital business model and the role of major industry players in digital world such as Google (opportunities) besides data and computer journalism (digital journalism). This discussion concludes that the future of the newspaper is seen to be very influenced by the emergence of digital journalism while the print version will continue to be vulnerable. The main issue which is seen as a threat is false news and information verification methods. Applications of this study: The above main findings may be used for further empirical investigation on the future of the newspaper in various countries in the world. The findings may also inform media practitioners on the current issues and challenges the industry is facing in general, and on what is being researched and discussed by academia on this topic. Novelty/Originality of this study: This discussion provides a summary of issues and challenges of the future of newspaper and this will enable readers to identify the main issues surrounding this topic. So far, there have been studies and discussions, but this paper presents the main issues and challenges on this topic in a systematic way based on recent previous studies and media reports.
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