In this study, biomass resource is chosen as a renewable energy source based on the abundance of oil palm waste generated monthly. The aim of this study is to find an optimal value of torrefection process on the torrefied biochar from oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) in order to produce biomass energy source by using the Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology (RSM). The OPEFB has been torrefied based on the three independent variables which are particle size (250, 500 and 750µm), holding temperature (200, 250 and 300°C) and residence time (30, 60 and 90 minutes). Torrefied biochar are being optimized in regards of six dependent variables which are mass yield, moisture content, volatile matter, ash content, fixed carbon and calorific value. The optimization process from the RSM shows that the most optimal value for OPEFB torrefied biochar is at 750µm (particle size), 274°C (holding temperature) and 90 minutes (residence time) of torrefaction process in order to produce a high energy content of biomass.
The usage of mould stick machines can be implemented to replace the manual hand kneading, rolling, shaping and cutting dough for fish crackers with the machine. The conventional method used manual hand kneading, rolling and shaping the dough of the fish cracker. This method takes time, need more manpower and reduce the quality of production. Therefore, the invention of machines helps producers to increase production quantity and quality by minimizing manpower. Besides that, this modern method may also help the producer to achieve the standard in terms of hygiene, safety and quality of these snacks. There are three common types of fish cracker mould stick machines used in markets such as rolling machines, conveyor machines and blowers machines. Therefore, this study aims to discuss the development and usage of mould stick machines for the fish cracker in improving its production in future.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.