Lung cancer is the second most fatal cancer worldwide and ranks at the eighth place in the overall reported deaths in Malaysia [1]. Almost 90% of lung cancer patients are both active and passive smokers. As early symptoms of lung cancer are commonly unnoticeable, most of the diagnosis of these patients are found out when they are at stage 3 or 4. Therefore, early screening is highly anticipated. Lung cancer screening can be carried out through computed tomography (CT) scan, sputum cytology and biopsy [2].
Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), is a condition of the ovary consisting numerous follicles. Accurate size and number of follicles detected are crucial for treatment. Hence the diagnosis of this condition is by measuring and calculating the size and number of follicles existed in the ovary. For diagnosis, ultrasound imaging has become an effective tool as it is non-invasive, inexpensive and portable. However, the presence of speckle noise in ultrasound imaging has caused an obstruction for manual diagnosis which are high time consumption and often produce errors. Thus, image segmentation for ultrasound imaging is critical to identify follicles for PCOS diagnosis and proper health treatment. This paper presents different methods proposed and applied in automated follicle identification for PCOS diagnosis by previous researchers. In this paper, the methods and performance evaluation are identified and compared. Finally, this paper also provided suggestions in developing methods for future research.
Purpose
Eyeball shape varies with refraction and body stature. Nevertheless, there are few reports on three-dimensional measurements of eyeball shape in children. The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to investigate the associations between three-dimensional measurements of ocular dimensions, refractive error, and body stature in young Chinese children with myopia in Kuala Lumpur.
Materials and Methods
Thirty-five female and 35 male school children aged 8–9 years old were recruited in this study. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent (SE) and visual acuity (VA) were determined using a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) chart. Body mass index (BMI), body height, and head circumference were ascertained. Three ocular dimensions, that is, longitudinal axial length (LAL), horizontal width (HW), and vertical height (VH), were determined using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Results
There were significant differences among the ocular dimensions in the myopic children. Bonferroni-corrected pairwise
t
-tests showed that LAL was significantly longer (mean difference, 0.318 mm) than VH, which was in turn significantly longer (mean difference, 0.245 mm) than HW. Body height was significantly correlated with LAL (p < 0.001) and SE (p < 0.001), and multivariate linear regression confirmed that longer LAL and more myopic SE were associated with increased body height (p < 0.001 for both) but not BMI (p = 0.894 and p = 0.413) or head circumference (p = 0.305 and p = 0.226).
Conclusion
This study confirms previous reports that changes in ocular dimensions are associated with body height in young children. Axial elongation (forming a prolate profile) occurs in myopic children of both genders at a young age.
Hybrid Positron Emission Tomography (PET)/Computer Tomography (CT) is a combined device that merges the anatomical and functional information of a patient used most commonly in cancer diagnosis and staging. This device is said to improve co-registration of both the anatomical and functional information. However, in real clinical practices, voluntary and involuntary patient motions are inevitable during scanning resulting in registration errors. In our study, feature based registration algorithm is to be used to solve such problem focusing on the thoracic region. Thus, segmentation method is chosen as a preliminary step to segment significant anatomical regions such as the lungs. Lungs segmentation in CT image is implemented based on optimal thresholding, region growing, connected component labeling as well as morphological operations. Satisfactory lung boundary segmentation results are obtained through visual inspection for our current dataset; that are deemed agreeable to devise a solution for PET-CT thoracic misregistration.
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