In developing a more advanced human-machine systems for future Air Traffic Management (ATM) concepts requires a deep understanding of what constitutes operator workload and how taskload and sector complexity can affect it. Many efforts have been done in the past to measure and/or predict operator workload using sector complexity. However, most sector complexity metrics that include sector design are calculated according to a set of rules and subjective weightings, rendering them to be dependent of sector. This research focuses on comparing the Solution Space Diagram (SSD) method with a widely accepted complexity metric: Dynamic Density (DD). In essence, the SSD method used in this research, observed aircraft restrictions and opportunities to resolve traffic conflicts in both the speed and heading dimensions. It is hypothesized that the more area covered on the solution space, that is, the fewer options the controller has to resolve conflicts, the more difficult the task and the higher the workload experienced by the controller. To compare sector complexity measures in terms of their transferability in capturing dynamic complexity across different sectors, a human-in-the-loop experiment using two distinct sectors has been designed and conducted. Based on the experiments, it is revealed that the SSD metric has a higher correlation with the controllers' workload ratings than the number of aircraft and the un-weighted NASA DD metric. Although linear regression analysis improved the correlation between the workload ratings and the weighted DD metric as compared to the SSD metric, the DD metric proved to be more sensitive to changes in sector layout than the SSD metric. This result would indicate that the SSD metric is better able to capture controller workload than the DD metric, when tuning for a specific sector layout is not feasible.
This research investigates the use of Solution Space Diagram (SSD) as a measure of sector complexity and also as a predictor of performance and workload, focusing on the scenarios regarding Air Traffic Controller (ATCO)’s ability to detect future conflicts. A human-in-the-loop experiment with varying intercept angle within the same sector layout has been designed and conducted. A short duration and a single predetermined conflict for each scenario were programmed to ensure a controlled experiment environment. The main aim of this experiment is to investigate whether the SSD can predict the workload ratings and subject performance in a conflict detection task. Based on the results, no common pattern can be observed, which can directly associate workload ratings and SSD area properties for various intercept angles. As conflict presented in the experiment between the converging aircraft, it was found that smaller SSD observation angles correlate better with the workload rating. These results were anticipated, as in converging conditions aircraft ahead of the velocity vector will be captured as the main focus. The SSD also does not represent a trigger for conflict detection. There is no consistent SSD area percentage where ATCO would start detecting conflict. Thus, it is concluded that the SSD does not represent a trigger for conflict detection.
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