An attempt was made to analyze and classify water quality at the Bukit Merah Reservoir (BMR) in Malaysia to determine the degree of pollution and ascertain the required treatment level before usage. Parameters determined included; pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), suspended solids (SS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) using both in-situ and standard laboratory procedures. Heavy metal contents such as nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg) were also determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP MS). Using the water quality index (WQI) tool, all the parameters indicated considerable degrees of pollution with an average classification number of 75.63 in Class III which indicated that the BMR water was slightly polluted. DO ranged between 2.06 and 12.5 mg/L with a mean value of 5.96 mg/L while BOD ranged between 3.08 and 6.32 mg/L with a mean value of 4.6 mg/L, among many other parameters analyzed. Also, the presence of heavy metals was recorded, but did not appear to be much of a threat with the exception of Fe. Most of the pollutants identified were mainly from infrastructural development and agricultural activities. For domestic uses, cleaner water would be required and this would need substantial investment in treatment, while for recreational, livestock and crop irrigation purposes, the water quality would be acceptable at the present level.
Walking speed is one of the factors in understanding the pedestrian walking behaviours. Every pedestrian has different level of walking speed that are regulated by some factors such as gender and age. This study was conducted at a bus terminal area with two objectives in which the first one was to determine the average walking speed of pedestrian by considering the factors of age, gender, people with and without carrying baggage; and the second one was to make a comparison of the average walking speed that considered age as the factor of comparison between pedestrian at the bus terminal area and crosswalk. Demographic factor of pedestrian walking speed in this study are gender and age consist of male, female, and 7 groups of age categories that are children, adult men and women, senior adult men and women, over 70 and disabled person. Data of experiment was obtained by making a video recording of the movement of people that were walking and roaming around at the main lobby for 45 minutes by using a camcorder. Hence, data analysis was done by using software named Human Behaviour Simulator (HBS) for analysing the data extracted from the video. The result of this study was male pedestrian walked faster than female with the average of walking speed 1.13m/s and 1.07m/s respectively. Averagely, pedestrian that walked without carrying baggage had higher walking speed compared to pedestrian that were carrying baggage with the speed of 1.02m/s and 0.70m/s respectively. Male pedestrian walks faster than female because they have higher level of stamina and they are mostly taller than female pedestrian. Furthermore, pedestrian with baggage walks slower because baggage will cause distractions such as pedestrian will have more weight to carry and people tend to walk slower.
Numerical modeling assessment were conducted in order to determine the sedimentation and hence able to predict the sedimentation pattern in Bukit Merah Reservoir, Perak, Malaysia. Bukit Merah is one of the oldest reservoirs in Malaysia constructed in 1902. Simulation of flow distribution and sediment transport were made in CCHE2D mathematical model for quantitative assessment. This research only simulates of up to 7 years due to time limitation. The velocity distribution shows significant impact to sediment distribution and accumulation. The accumulation observed at the upstream and downstream is likely resulted from the bank and local erosion in the reservoir. Through the predicted model, the sediment on the eastern side of the upstream had risen high enough to form a delta. The delta is rapidly accumulating the coarsest fraction of the sediment while finer sediment distributed entirely into the reservoir.
Reservoir is one of the main sources of water supply and provides functions to hydroelectric power, domestic use, agriculture, flood protection and recreation. Due to the rapid farming, agricultural activities and oil palm trees plantation development that contribute to the increment of sediment, the Sembrong reservoir is slowly endangered due to the shrinkage of reservoir storage. Therefore, this research is initiated to characterize the sediment which could be used as control in future research in the treatment of contaminated sediment. The objective of this study was to determine distribution of physical properties of sediment based on Sembrong Reservoir sediment. In this study, sediment samples were collected using gravity corer at different points in the reservoir area. The physical properties of sediment was investigated by conducted experiments include particle size distribution, bulk density test, moisture content, loss of ignition and scanning electron microscope (SEM). From the data obtained, the bulk density at horizontal distribution was almost the same and the average values obtained was between 10-17 kN/m 3. Moisture content of sediment at horizontal distribution at location 3 was the highest with 185.04%. From the particle size distribution, it can be concluded that location 2 had the highest percentage of finer sand where the value was 81% while 19% were silt and clay. For horizontal distribution of organic content, location 5 had the highest result with the percentage of 12.768%. For particle shape of sediment, it was in bulky and flaky categories while the void ratio was getting smaller by the depth.
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