A study on development of Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometric method combined with principle component analysis as well as real-time polymerase chain reaction for determination of pork-beef mixture in meatballs has been performed. A lipid component extracted from pork and beef in meatballs is analyzed using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, while DNA extracted from meatball was analyzed using real-time polymerase chain reaction. The correlation between actual and predicted concentration of lard using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy was performed by aid of partial least squares, while grouping of lard and beef fat components in meatball was carried out by Fourier-transform infrared spectra coupled with principle component analysis. The results showed that Fourier-transform infrared spectra at wavenumbers of 1000-1200 cm −1 coupled with partial least square and principle component analysis are successfully used for quantification and classification of pork in beef meatballs. The relationship between actual value and predicted value of lard (lipid fraction obtained from meatballs containing pork) with Fourier-transform infrared spectrophotometric method revealed good correlation, with coefficient determination (R 2) value of 0.997 and standard error of calibration of 0.04%. Principle component analysis is able to classify samples containing pork and beef meatballs. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy using normal spectra is fast technique for identification and quantification of lard extracted from pork in meatball. In addition, real-time polymerase chain reaction using Leptin Primer-AJ 865080 can be used for amplification of pork DNA specifically in meatballs containing pork.
This study was to determine the prevalence and socio-demographic associated factors for serious injury among adolescents in Malaysia. The study used data from the Malaysian Global School-based Health Survey which was conducted in 2012. Logistic regression analysis was used to establish associations. Of the 25,507 respondents, 34.9% (42.1% males and 27.8% females) reported having been in a serious injury. Compared to participants who were not bullied, those who reported being bullied were more likely to have sustained serious injury (aOR = 2.2; 95% CI [1.95-2.48]). Adolescents who were involved in physical fighting were 57.5% (aOR = 2.75; 95% CI [2.53-2.99]) and more likely to have sustained serious injury compared to those who were not involved in the fighting. Meanwhile, adolescents who used substances were 52.3% (aOR = 1.68 [1.52-1.85]) and more likely to have sustained serious injury compared to those who did not use substances. Serious injury is frequent among adolescents in Malaysia. Based on studies by Harel, suggestion where reduction of substance use and bullying may be assessed if they have an impact in reducing serious injury among adolescents. Furthermore, educational programmes that focus on the underlying causes and determinants of injury provide an effective and efficient method of injury prevention.
ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat kimia dan warna kayu keruing (Dipterocarpus humeratus), mersawa (Anisoptera laevis) dan kapur (Dryobalanops keithii) yang sampai saat ini relatif belum banyak diketahui. Sampel pohon diperoleh dari hutan Muara Wahau, Kalimantan Timur. Bagian gubal dan teras diperoleh dari bagian pangkal pohon. Pengujian komponen kimia mengacu pada standar ASTM. Pengukuran warna dilakukan melalui sistem koordinat CIELAB. Hasil pengukuran kadar ekstraktif di 3 spesies pada nilai kadar ekstraktif etanol-toluena (KEET) menunjukkan kisaran pada kayu bagian gubal (KG) 2,37-4,60 % dan teras (KT) 2,58-4,81 %, kelarutan dalam air panas (KAP) sebesar 2,14-6,49 % (KG) dan 1,14-5,77 % (KT), kadar kelarutan dalam air dingin (KAD) adalah 1,61-6,39 % (KG) dan 1,06- 19 % (HW),. From sapwood to heartwood, a slight difference in lignin and cellulose levels were found . The solubility in NaOH 1 % levels were 12. , whereas the pH values ranged from 5. . With regard to colour properties, the brightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) indexes in the sapwood were 48-53, 6-11, and 9-20, respectively. In the heartwood, the values were 40-49, 9-16, dan 14-18, respectively. ABSTRACT This study was aimed at finding out the chemical and colour properties of keruing (Dipterocarpus humeratus), mersawa (Anisoptera laevis) and kapur (Dryobalanops keithii) timbers as their limited information up to now. Tree samples were obtained from Muara Wahau forest, East Borneo. Sapwood and heartwood then were cut from the base parts of the trees. Chemical examinations refered to ASTM standard. Colour measurements were performed through CIELAB coordinate system. The results of extractive measurements of 3 species showed that the amounts of ethanoltoluene extractive (ETE) ranged from 2.37-4.60 % in the sapwood (SW) and 2.58-4.81 % in the heartwood (HW), hot-water solubles (HWS) ranged from 2.14-6.49 % (SW) and 1.14-5.77 % (HW), then cold-water solubles (CWS) were 1.61-6.39 % (SW) and 1.06-3.26 % (HW). The tendency from sapwood to heartwood showed an increasing levels in ETE and decreasing in HWS and CWS. The measurement in the cell wall components showed that the contents of lignin ranged from
Penyebab utama kematian ibu di Kabupaten Indramayu dari tahun 2012 - 2016 adalah preeklampsia yaitu 40 %. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis faktor-faktor risiko kejadian preeklampsia di Puskesmas Kabupaten Indramayu.Jenis penelitian observasional dengan rancangan kasus kontrol. Subyek sejumlah 55 kasus ibu preeklampsia dan 55 kasus ibu tidak preeklampsia dan dipilih secara purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilaksanakan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur, pengukuran antropometri dan metode food recall 2 x 24 jam. Analisis data dilakukan dengan chi-square dan regresi logistik ganda.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan faktor risiko terjadinya preeklampsia adalah umur kehamilan berisiko (<20 atau >35 tahun) (OR=5,4, p=0,001), riwayat preeklampsia sebelumnya (OR=7,1, p=0,001), riwayat preeklampsia dalam keluarga (OR=7,2, p=0,001), obesitas (OR=6,5, p=0,001), tingkat kecukupan protein kurang (OR=2,7, p=0,020), tingkat kecukupan vitamin D kurang (OR=3,7, p=0,013), stress (OR=2,6, p=0,013) dan paparan asap rokok (OR=2,3, p=0,030), secara multivariat umur kehamilan berisiko (<20 atau >35 tahun) (OR=2,9, p=0,047), riwayat preeklampsia (OR=4,3, p=0,024), riwayat preeklampsia dalam keluarga (OR=9,1, p=0,001), obesitas (OR=7,1, p=0,001) dan tingkat kecukupan protein (OR=4,1, p=0,026) secara bersama-sama merupakan faktor risiko kejadian preeklampsia. Disimpulkan bahwa faktor risiko yang paling kuat adalah riwayat preeklampsia dalam keluarga dan obesitas. Disarankan agar memasukkan riwayat preeklampsia dalam keluarga pada daftar data perawatan antenatal, mengintensifkan kunjungan nifas dan melakukan pengawasan bagi mereka yang telah terindentifikasi mempunyai risiko terjadinya preeklampsia.
Beef bones contain a gelatin component that can be further extracted. This extraction process requires the right solvent to produce good yield and quality. Gelatin has multifunctional properties, namely biodegradable, biocompatible and non-toxic. This is because it is a natural ingredient that contains high amino acids. The most dominant amino acid content as a parameter for determining the quality of gelatin is proline, glycine, and hydroxyproline. The purpose of this study was to study the effect of the solvent used as a medium for soaking cow bones to be converted into gelatin. The solvent variations used include NaOH, HCl, H2SO4, CH3COOH, and NaHCO2. The concentration variations are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (%). This research method includes the preparation of cow bone samples, fat removal, mineral removal, soaking for 7 days, and extraction. The extraction process was carried out with variations times of 4 h and 6 h. The results of the study showed that the highest yield value was with 5% HCl solvent with 4 h extraction time of 26.5% with 8.67% water content, 0.9% ash content, pH 4.64, and viscosity 3.19 cP (p < 0.05). A good isoelectric point is produced when using an acidic solvent, which is between 5.3–5.8. The cross-linking of gelatin with chitosan, glutaraldehyde, and glucose was successfully carried out with the FTIR absorption indicator at a wavelength of 3200 cm−1, which indicates the presence of hydrogen bonds, 1022 cm−1, which indicates the breakdown of aldehyde bonds in glutaraldehyde compounds into C-O bonds. According to the microbial test, when gelatin is combined with chitosan, there will be an increase in the microbial inhibition zone. This shows that the development of gelatin materials is very prospective and promising.
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