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A rapid, focused ethnographic study was carried out in a rural area of West Java, Indonesia to identify local beliefs, perceptions, and practices surrounding acute respiratory infections (ARI) in infants and young children. The study incorporates key informant interviews, open-ended interviews, and structured data collection from fifty mothers of young children selected to represent the geographical settlement pattern in the area: structured interviews with biomedical and indigenous health care providers; and structured interviews with fifty mothers who sought health care for an infant or young child with a respiratory illness. The most commonly perceived cause for ARI in children was air entering the body through some type of chill, exposure to draft or breeze, or change of weather. When fever or difficult breathing was present, mothers tended to increase the number and diversity the types of medicines used. Mothers recognized difficult as well as rapid breathing, both being described as "difficult breathing." More concern was expressed about fever than about difficulty in breathing. Effective medical care was more likely to be delayed for infants than for older children; infants were also more likely to be taken to an indigenous healer as the first-choice provider. Infants were less likely to receive an effective drug regimen even if appropriate medication was prescribed, because mothers commonly take the drugs in order to deliver them to the infant through breast milk.

Background: Newborn’s gut mucosal is not fully developed, therefore infants are prone to diarrhea. Probiotic supplementation is known to induce the gut mucosal maturity. This study aimed to identify whether probiotics supplementation among pregnant women since the third trimester would increase the infant’s gut mucosal integrity.Methods: A double-blind, randomized clinical trial was conducted to understand the potential effect of probiotic supplementation on the level of probiotics and IL-8 in breastmilk, urine IFABP, faecal α-1-antytripsin (AAT) and calprotectin in infant’s at birth (V0) and three-months old (V3). A single strain of Bifidobacterium lactis animalis HNO19 (known as DR10) was used since it was not the resident bacteria. The study was held at Budi Kemuliaan Hospital and its satellite clinics from December 2014 to December 2015.Results: About 14% (5/35) and 20% (7/35) of the subjects had DR10 in the breastmilk’s colostrum and at the age of 3-months. The median values of IL-8 in the probiotic group vs the placebo group at V0 and V3 were 2810,1 pg/mL vs 1516.4 pg/mL (p=0.327) and 173.2 pg/mL vs 132.7 pg/mL (p=0.211) respectively. IFABP level 211.7 ng/mL vs 842.5 ng/mL (p=0.243) and 25.3 ng/mL vs 25.1 ng/mL (p=0.466); AAT 136.2 mg/dL vs 148.1 mg/dL (p=0.466) and 24 mg/mL vs 29.72 mg/mL (p=0.545); Calprotectin 746.8 ng/mL vs 4645.2 ng/mL (p=0.233) and 378.6 ng/mL vs 391.3 ng/mL (p=0.888).Conclusion: Probiotic DR10 given to pregnant women since the 3rd trimester can be found in colostrum and 3-months breastmilk. However, it did not affect the level of other probiotics or IL-8 and the gut mucosal integrity.

AbstrakIdentifikasi petanda permukaan sel yang dikenal sebagai kelompok antigen diferensiasi ( Rapid and precise diagnosis of leukemias is critical so that apropriate treatment can be initiated without delay. With the development of new treatment modalities it is also essential to have accurate prognostic factors. The most widely accepted and applied classification of leukemias is based on morphological and cytochemical criteria, proposed by the FAB group.

Tujuan Membandingkan kadar IL-10 pada pasien sindrom koroner akut (SKA) dan pasien dengan penyakit jantung koroner (PJK).

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Background: Cytopenia is the primary phenomenon in myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) amidst hypercellular bone marrow. The soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is considered as a cytokine that can trigger synthesis of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) that promotes apoptosis. The objective of this study is to prove that recombinant human sCD40L (rh-sCD40L) exposure on bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMC) MDS increases TNFα expression at mRNA level and at protein level.Methods: BMMC from MDS patients whom diagnosed and classified using the WHO 2008 criteria, were exposed to rh-sCD40L and antiCD40L. The expressions of TNFα mRNAs were quantified by qRT-PCR, level of TNFα were measured using the ELISA method.Results: Exposure of rh-sCD40L significantly increased the expression of TNFα mRNA. The similar exposure also significantly increased the level of TNFα compared to controls. TNFα mRNA expression on BMMC in MDS samples exposed to rh-sCD40L is 3.32 times compared to TNFα mRNA expression without exposure. level of TNFα in supernatant media exposed to rh-sCD40L in MDS samples was higher than that of control samples which were 44.44 and 4.85 pg/mL, P=0.018. Conclusions:The sCD40L plays a role in increasing the synthesis of TNFα in mRNA level and protein level in BMMC MDS.

There is evidence demonstrating that cancer etiology is multi-factorial and modification of risk factors has achievedcancer prevention. There is therefore a need to advance the understanding of cancer etiology through interaction effectsbetween risk factors when estimating the contribution of an individual to the cancer burden in a population. It has beenknown that cancer may arise from genetic susceptibility to the disease as an intrinsic factor; however, non-intrinsic factorsdrive most cancer risk as well and highlight the need for cancer prevention. Are our clinical pathologists aware of thesefacts?. Are they ready to understand and to provide an excellent test with good expertise?. Hereditary cancer testing istypically performed using gene panels, which may be either cancer-specific or pan-cancer to assess risk for a defined orbroader range of cancers, respectively. Given the clinical implications of hereditary cancer testing, diagnostic laboratoriesmust develop high-quality panel tests, which serve a broad, genetically diverse patient population. The result will determinea patient's eligibility for targeted therapy, for instance, or lead a patient to prophylactic surgery, chemoprevention, andsurveillance. This review will introduce the definitions of intrinsic and non-intrinsic risk factors, which have been employed inrecent work and how evidence for their effects on the cancer burden in human subjects has been obtained. Genetic testingof cancer susceptibility genes by use of liquid biopsies and New Generation Sequencing (NGS) is now widely applied inclinical practice to predict the risk of developing cancer, help diagnosis, and treatment monitoring.