Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulation is a real-time testing process that has been proven indispensable for the modern vehicle dynamics, powertrain, chassis and body systems electronic controls development. The high quality standards and robustness of the control algorithms can only be met by means of detailed vehicle plant simulation models. In the last few years, several efforts have been made to develop detailed plant models. Several tools for the vehicle modeling are available in the market and each tool has different and distinct advantages. This paper addresses ways that dSPACE Automotive Simulation Models (ASM) can support the model-based development processes. Additional modern software tools that were used in connection with the ASM are LMS AMESim and Mathworks SimDriveline (of Simscape). ASM is an open Matlab/Simulink model environment used for offline PC based simulation and online real-time platform HIL testing. The combinations of system models from different suppliers typically require significant adaptation effort. dSPACE's ASM are ideally adapted to dSPACE hardware-in-the-loop simulators with real time capability whereas the AMESim environment requires a special procedure to make it compliant with dSPACE real-time hardware. This paper describes how AMESim vehicle dynamics, SimDriveline automatic transmission models and ASM parallel hybrid vehicle models are integrated for a dSPACE HIL real-time simulation environment.
This paper presents implementation details for two optimisation-based energy management strategies for a series hydraulic hybrid drivetrain. The first strategy is a causal, real-time implementable instantaneous consumption minimisation strategy that requires minimal information about future loads on the system. The second strategy is a non-causal but formally trip-optimal power allocation scheme involving Dynamic Programming (DP). Both strategies are applied to a medium duty urban truck featuring independent hydrostatic wheel drives and fuel economy results are compared to those obtained with a commonly cited real-time implementable, rule-based power management strategy.
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in low and middle income countries (LMIC). Approximately 50% of cases of skeletal TB involve the spine. Failure to identify and treat these areas of involvement at an early stage may lead to serious complications such as vertebral collapse, spinal compression, and spinal deformity. The clinical and radiologic features of Pott’s disease may mimic other spine diseases such as, metastatic lesions and other infectious etiologies, this is especially imperative in older patients.
Case report
We report a 60-year-old right handed male patient presented with back pain, paraparesis, and sensory symptoms 2 weeks duration. He has history of dry cough, fatigue, and reduced appetite, but no history of weight loss, fever, night sweat, and bowel/bladder incontinence. No contact history with TB patients. He has a borderline hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Serology for HIV was negative. Thoraco-lumbar magnetic resonance image (MRI) showed destruction of L2 and L3 vertebral body and the inter-vertebral disc; with T2 hyper and T1 hypointensity of the affected vertebral bodies. Probable tuberculous spondylitis with paraparesis was considered and the patient was initiated on antituberculous regimen and short course steroid therapy. After five months treatment, the patient showed significant clinical and radiological improvement.
Conclusion
In summary, the present case describes, a patient with Pott’s paraplegia due to probable spine tuberculosis and showed significant clinical and radiological improvement following initiation of antituberculous drugs and short course of steroid; indicating the crucial role of imaging in the diagnosis of TB, especially in resource limited settings.
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