Introduction:American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana, are the most important pests in hospitals and dwelling environments. They are mechanical vectors of some bacterial pathogens.Goal:The present investigation was carried out in Ghods hospital and 5 dwelling localities of Paveh city to evaluate bacterial infestations of American cockroaches in this region of Iran.Methods:The samples were randomly collected from hospital environments and toilets and kitchens of the dwelling localities from December-March 2012 and July-September 2013. The samples were captured using sterile test tubes and sterile hand gloves.Results:Totally, 98 cockroaches were collected from hospital (45.9%) and dwelling (54.1%) environments. Eight groups of bacteria including: Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus spp., Bacillus spp., Serratia spp., Entrobacter spp. and Escherichia coli were extracted.Conclusions:The findings of the present study revealed that the American cockroaches are very important in transmission of some bacterial pathogens, so health education and using the effective control methods to elimination and reduction of cockroaches are necessary.

Introduction: Spirituality is the most important aspect of human existentialism. This dimension is considered as a strong force in the center of life for more than one-third of the people worldwide. Spirituality is linked to health, a sense of goodness and recovery, and a factor in the continuation of life, finding its meaning and purpose. Aim: This study aimed to determine spiritual health level and its related factors in the students of Sanandaj universities in 2015. Method: The present study was a cross-sectional. The study population, were students of

Background & Aim: Educational self-efficacy implies a person's belief in his or her abilities in achieving educational goals and activities, the formation of which is influenced by various factors. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between academic selfefficacy and demographic variables in students of Kurdistan and Islamic Azad universities of Sanandaj during the academic year of 2011-2012. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 398 students of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences and Islamic Azad University in Sanandaj during the academic year of 2015-2016. Sampling method was clustered. Demographic information form and academic self-efficacy questionnaire were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 20 and descriptive and inferential statistics including mean, standard deviation, independent t-test and one-way analysis of variance were analyzed. Results: The mean score of academic self-efficacy of students was 100 ± 64.41 ± 12.04. Two groups of students in Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences (64.49 ± 12.13) and Islamic Azad University of Sanandaj (11.57 ± 63.90) did not have a significant difference in selfefficacy scores (p=0.65). There was a significant difference between academic self-efficacy and mother's job (p = 0.004) and household economic status (p = 0.02). Conclusion: The average score of students' academic performance is higher than average; variables such as having financial resources and parental education can be considered as effective factors in increasing student self-efficacy beliefs.