The Na channels are susceptible to the changes of the extracellular Na concentrations. Thus, the underestimation of hypo/hypernatremic conditions can put patients in danger and close monitoring of serum Na level might be required.
Diabetic neuropathy is the one of the serious secondary complications of diabetes mellitus in which an alteration or a damage in nerve cells is observed. The nerve disorders can be developed at any time, but the possibility of the development increases with the longer duration of diabetes. The damage can be occurred in the sensory, motor, and autonomic nervous system, therefore the damage is observed in the innervated organs and systems. As a result, diabetic neuropathy is the most common cause of non-traumatic amputations and autonomic failure. In their lifetime, diabetic patients with diabetic neuropathy have a 15% incidence of undergoing one or more amputations. Due to the similarities of the presented pathologies to the human diseases and its the easiness, diabetes induced animal models are widely used in studies. Since diabetes and therefore diabetic neuropathy is a worldwide problem, it is necessary to examine the effects of diabetes mellitus on the neural system. The recorded compound action potentials revealed that diabetes is the reason of the significant increase in time to peak, rheobase and chronaxie values. Furthermore, the maximum depolarization, area, kinetics and the conduction velocities of both the fast and slow nerve fibers were found to be decreased. In addition to the decline of the conduction velocities, a shift from faster fibers to the slower ones was observed. Since the oxidant agents are unavoidable, the aim should be to minimize it as much as possible. For minimization, the antioxidant agents are crucial. It is also shown that beyond the inhibition of the oxidation agents, some of them also restore the damaged nerves. Currently to avoid diabetic neuropathy it is suggested to keep the glucose levels as close as possible to the normal values. If it is necessary pain therapy can be used to minimize the pain. The promising results of the animal studies show that the treatment strategies should be renewed by including the antioxidants to the daily diet to the diabetic patients.
The current study aims to investigate the possible role of Nerium oleander (NeOL) distillate in the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. The restorative affects of distillated NeOL on the diabetes-induced electrophysiological alterations were investigated. Induction of diabetes was done by the combination of single dose streptozotocin injection together with a high fat diet for four weeks. Experimental groups were designed as follows: control, diabetic, and NeOL treated diabetic. Nerve conduction velocity (CV) recordings were performed through a suction electrode from the tibia branch of the sciatic nerve trunk. Diabetes results an increase in rheobase, chronaxie values together with a decrease in maximum depolarization (MD), compound action potential (CAP) area and CV measurements. With its antioxidant nature, NeOL treatment produced nearly complete restorations of the diabetes-induced alterations. Current study has shown that distillated NeOL (375 µg /0.5 ml dH2O /day) can be a highly potential therapeutic agent on the diabetes induced alterations.
Quantum mechanics-by using what we know about the system now-provides us information about the future of the system. Quantum physics and biology have been regarded as unrelated disciplines, describing nature at the inanimate micro level on the one hand and living species on the other hand. However, currently it is known that quantum mechanics is necessary in the description and understanding of natural phenomena. In fact, phenomena, which occur on a very small scale, cannot be explained outside the framework of quantum physics. It leads naturally to the question: Can quantum mechanics play a role in biology? In many ways it is clear that it already does. The concept of tunneling is as old as quantum mechanics. The electrons have a finite probability of tunneling through the insulator without having enough energy to mount it. Although quantum effects are subtle, quantum mechanical tunneling may be important in understanding many membrane processes. This paper is a naive attempt to understand the potassium current characteristics from the quantum mechanical point of view.
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