Drug-drug interactions are a significant cause of hospital admissions and hospital visits. Improved DDI information gathering could help to reduce such adverse effects from DDIs, especially for patients using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and warfarin.

Pharmacist participation in patient care team has been shown to reduce incidence of adverse drug events, and overall drug costs. However, impact of pharmacist participation in the multidisciplinary intensive care team on cost saving and cost avoidance has little been studied in Thailand.Objective:To describe the characteristics of the interventions and to determine pharmacist’s interventions led to change in cost saving and cost avoidance in intensive care unit (ICU).Methods:A Prospective, standard care-controlled study design was used to compare cost saving and cost avoidance of patients receiving care from patient care team (including a clinical pharmacist) versus standard care (no pharmacist on team). All patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit 1 and 2 during the same period were included in the study. The outcome measures were overall drug cost and length of ICU stay. Interventions made by the pharmacist in the study group were documented. The analyses of acceptance and cost saving and/or cost avoidance were also performed.Results:A total of 65 patients were admitted to either ICU 1 or 2 during the 5 week-study period. The pharmacist participated in patient care and made total of 127 interventions for the ICU-1 team. Ninety-eight percent of the interventions were accepted and implemented by physicians. The difference of overall drug cost per patient between two groups was 182.01 USD (1,076.37 USD in study group and 1,258.38 USD in control group, p=0.138). The average length of ICU stay for the intervention group and the control group was not significantly different (7.16 days vs. 6.18 days, p=0.995). The 125 accepted interventions were evaluated for cost saving and cost avoidance. Pharmacist’s interventions yielded a total of 1,971.43 USD from drug cost saving and 294.62 USD from adverse drug event cost avoidance. The net cost saved and avoided from pharmacist interventions was 2,266.05 USD. Interventions involving antibiotic use accounted for the largest economic impact (1,958.61 USD).Conclusions:Although the statistical was not significant, having a pharmacist participated in ICU patient care team tend to reduced overall drug cost, cost saving, and cost avoidance. The largest cost impact and intervention requirement involved antibiotic use.

Background: Risperidone is an atypical antipsychotic drug with potent serotonin and moderate dopamine antagonistic properties. It possesses good bioavailability following oral administration. Risperidone is primarily converted by the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes to 9-hydroxyrisperidone, its active metabolite with equivalent potency to the parent compound. Objective: This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics and determine bioequivalence of two risperidone immediate release oral tablets, a test formulation (Risperidone GPO ® or "Test") and a reference formulation (Risperdal ® or "Reference"). Method: A single-dose, randomized, fasting, 2-period, 2-sequence, crossover study design with a 2-week washout period was conducted in 23 healthy Thai male volunteers. Blood samples were collected predose and at 0.

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The bioequivalence study of two 30 mg pioglitazone formulations was determined in healthy Thai male volunteers after a single dose administration in a randomized cross-over study with a 1-week washout period. Due to the high variability of the rate and extent of absorption of pioglitazone, an add-on subject study was required to assess bioequivalence. Reference product Actos, Takeda Chemical Industries, Ltd., Osaka, Japan) and test product (Glubosil, Silom Medical Co. Ltd., Bangkok, Thailand) were given to 35 volunteers after overnight fasting. Blood samples were collected at specified time intervals. Plasma was analyzed for pioglitazone concentration using a validated HPLC method. Pharmacokinetic parameters were compared between test and reference products from plasma concentration-time profile by using non-compartment analysis. The statistical comparison of C(max) and AUC(0-t), AUC(t-infinity) clearly indicated that no significant difference in two products of pioglitazone tablets in add-on subject study. The 90% confidence intervals for the mean ratio (test/reference) of C(max) and AUC(0-t), AUC(t-infinity) were within the Thailand Food and Drug Administration acceptance range. Based on the pharmacokinetic and statistical results of this study, we can conclude that Glubosil is bioequivalent to Actos, and that two products can be considered interchangeable in medical practice.