GENTLEYEN,-POU have conferred great honour in electing me your President, and SO f a r m health will permit, it is my intention to aid in the advancement and prosperity of the Institution. As this will be the last Presidential Address delivered under this roof, it may be considered appropriate to remind the younger members of the conditions under which their predecessors commenced to build up this great Society. Owing to the building operations we miss tonight from these walls the familiar portraits of those men under whose presidency the Institution has advanced in reputation and in influence from its foundation in 1818. In 1820 it was domiciled at 15 Buckingham Street, Adelphi, where for fourteen years the meetings were held under the presidency of Telford,' the first occupant of this chair. About the year 1834 the Institution removed to No. 1, Cannon Row, within a short distance of this place. Four years later better accommodation was obtained at No. 25, Great George Street ; and in the open space at the back of that house, a meeting-room, about 30 feet square, subsequently, in 1846, enlarged to 40 feet by 30 feet, was built on the site of it portion of the theatre in which we are now assembled. For thirty years in that room Papers were read and discussed which will rarely be exceeded in interest during the future of the Institution, and many momentous questions were there virtually decided which have powerfully influenced the practice and the progress of Civil Engineering in this country and abroad. To meet and anticipate demands for increased accommodation, Born 1757, died 1834.
Sir FrederickSir FRE~ERICK BRANWELL, Past President, said the Paper dealt Bramwell. with a very important subject, the waste of water. He was not in the habit of applying the word "waste " to the excessive use of water within the house, but rather to such dealing with it as to cause it to disappear from the works of the water-company and
said the Paper required a great deal of con-w. Ellis. sideration, for when looked a t it really amounted to this, that not only in England, but in the world, only two steel-makers were making steel upon the proper system. He thought that would hardly be admitted. Considering the splendid steel which had been produced for some years by English and foreign makerssuch makers as Messrs. Vickers, Messrs. Firths, Messrs. Cammell, and others in Sheffield, Messrs. Krupp, the Creusot Company, and others on the Continent, it could hardly be supposed that their working had been altogether wrong for so many years. No doubt the Author believed everything he had said to be absolutely correct, but there were several statements in the Paper which, as far as his own experience went, were not correct. The first complaint he had to make of the Paper was with regard to Fig. 2. If that represented anything like the ingots of which the steel-makers of England were making steel, the sooner they gave way to others who would make a more reliable material the better. But he contended that that did not represent the ingots that were being used in the trade. The Author had said that it was necessary to cut off one-third of the ingots made unless they were compressed. With that he entirely agreed, but he did not admit that this was altogether an evil. Those who had been in the habit of making large ingots were aware that if the metal was kept hot enough €or a sufficiently long time, the various impurities, always to be found in steel, would gradually coma to the top ; and when the top third of the ingot was cut off, the two-thirds remaining were really better than the original mass of the ingot. He was speaking of the ingots of steel, not poured into iron moulds, but into sand or other material. The samples exhibited, he presumed, had been poured into iron moulds, and that fact accounted for their unsoundness on the edge, referred to by the Author. But large ingots that had been poured into moulds made of composition did not show that inequality, or any appreciable objectionable portions. During the past few years he had cut through many ingots, and he was prepared to state that when the top third of an ingot was cut off, the other portion was absolutely sound, and there was not one ingot in twenty that had a speck in it as large as a pea. He was therefore justsed in saying that Fig. 2 did not represent the kind of ingot that steel-makers who were really making good steel [THE INST. C.E. VOL. CVIII.] L Downloaded by [] on [11/09/16].
Mr. Hayter. 1 foot to 2 feet, or at the outside 2 feet 6 inches, and the smaller only about 6 inches or 7 inches. Each stone, whether large or small, was drafted on the edges of the face, the rest of the stone being punched with a steel punch. But the punched work never projected beyond the drafted edges, SO that ships, if in contact with the wall, would meet with a smooth surface. I n selecting this kind of masonry, no doubt regard was had to the quarries in the south of Scotland belonging to t,he Board, from which the stone was obtained. This stone, although of excellent quality, was stated to be difficult to get in square blocks, and its beds were dislocated, producing probably stones of sizes smaller than usual. Masonry of the kind he referred to {required very good mortar. That used generally was made from Halkin lime, which was a lias lime, much in vogue before the use of Portland cement became general. Notwithstanding the not altogether favourable conditions, the kind of masonry seemed to have answered. Indeed, it might be expected that the Author would adopt no bond, and use no material, unless he were sure that good work would result. DISCUSSION ON DOCK EXTENSIONS AT LIVERPOOL. [Minutes of Mr. Hayter. where they were, the best way to deal with them, as a rule, was a t once to transfer them from the ship into the shed. I n this way the ship could be released within the shortest possible time, and the goods in the shed be distributed with the requisite despatch. Of course, if the goods remained too long in the sheds, demurrage was charged. The result of the arrangement adopted a t Liverpool
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