Pneumonia and pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) are both respiratory diseases; their diagnosis is difficult due to their similarity in symptoms, medical subjectivity, and the large amount of information from different sources necessary for a correct diagnosis. Analysis of such clinical data using computational tools could help medical staff reduce time, increase diagnostic certainty, and improve patient care during hospitalization. In addition, no studies have been found that analyze all clinical information on the Mexican population in the Spanish language. Therefore, this work performs automatic diagnosis of pneumonia and pulmonary thromboembolism using machine-learning tools along with clinical laboratory information (structured data) and clinical text (unstructured data) obtained from electronic health records. A cohort of 173 clinical records was obtained from the Mexican Social Security Institute. The data were preprocessed, transformed, and adjusted to be analyzed using several machine-learning algorithms. For structured data, naïve Bayes, support vector machine, decision trees, AdaBoost, random forest, and multilayer perceptron were used; for unstructured data, a BiLSTM was used. K-fold cross-validation and leave-one-out were used for evaluation of structured data, and hold-out was used for unstructured data; additionally, 1-vs.-1 and 1-vs.-rest approaches were used. Structured data results show that the highest AUC-ROC was achieved by the naïve Bayes algorithm classifying PTE vs. pneumonia (87.0%), PTE vs. control (75.1%), and pneumonia vs. control (85.2%) with the 1-vs.-1 approach; for the 1-vs.-rest approach, the best performance was reported in pneumonia vs. rest (86.3%) and PTE vs. rest (79.7%) using naïve Bayes, and control vs. diseases (79.8%) using decision trees. Regarding unstructured data, the results do not present a good AUC-ROC; however, the best F1-score were scored for control vs. disease (72.7%) in the 1-vs.-rest approach and control vs. pneumonia (63.6%) in the 1-to-1 approach. Additionally, several decision trees were obtained to identify important attributes for automatic diagnosis for structured data, particularly for PTE vs. pneumonia. Based on the experiments, the structured datasets present the highest values. Results suggest using naïve Bayes and structured data to automatically diagnose PTE vs. pneumonia. Moreover, using decision trees allows the observation of some decision criteria that the medical staff could consider for diagnosis.
In emergency rooms, it is common that several patients present symptoms associated with pulmonary diseases as pneumonia and pulmonary embolism, however, their initial diagnosis presents several challenges: a) both share symptoms, b) the lack of imaging studies at the first diagnosis stage and, c) the amount of data resulting from laboratory analysis are vast to be quickly analyzed. Thus, supporting medical staff through the use of computational tools for detecting clinical variables that are significant on the initial diagnosis, is crucial. Hence, a collaboration with the Centro Medico Nacional de Occidente (CMNO) of the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) was established to gather, process, and analyze patients' electronic medical records with a pulmonary embolism or pneumonia diagnosis who were admitted through the emergency room. Data extracting and processing of patients’ medical records (PDF) were performed. Thereafter, a statistical and associative analysis (Apriori) was performed looking for the determination of the clinical variables associated with a correct or incorrect prognosis. As a result, during the patient diagnosis several frequently present variables were identified, pointing out those that whose median values were significantly different for both diseases studied here. Finally, some laboratory variables are suggested to be carefully observed while a patient's initial diagnosis is performed.
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