Objective To assess the coverage and adequacy of antenatal care services (ANC) available to women and examine the socioeconomic determinants affecting service utilisation.Design Secondary data analysis of a population-based national survey.Setting India, 2015/16. Sample In all, 190 898 women between 15 and 49 years of age who had a live birth during the 5 years preceding the survey. Methods Ordinal logistic regression.Main outcome variable Adequacy of ANC services received was measured under four categoriesdelivery of services by skilled personnel, timely provision of services, sufficiency and appropriateness of content. Quality of care was categorised as adequate ANC, inadequate ANC and no ANC.Results Only 23.5% (95% CI 23.1-23.9%) of all women received adequate ANC, while 58.8% (95% CI 58.4-59.2%) received inadequate and 17.7% (95% CI 17.4-18.0%) received no ANC services. Regression analysis revealed that women belonging to the adolescent age group, illiterate women, and those in the poorest wealth quintile and in rural areas were less likely to receive any ANC.Conclusion There is a need to improve the quality of ANC services. Currently, <25% of women of all ages receive adequate ANC. Socio-economic conditions play a vital part in determining the quality of care that women receive.Keywords India, maternal health, National Family Health Survey 4, quality of antenatal care, social determinants of health.Tweetable abstract Nearly one out of four women in India received adequate ANC, nearly three in every five women received inadequate ANC and 18% lacked ANC for their recent live birth.

We aimed to identify factors associated with transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) from injecting drug users (IDUs) to their wives in Manipur, northeast India, where the prevalence of HIV among IDUs is 80% via a case-control study. One hundred and sixty-one HIV-infected IDUs and their wives were recruited from September 1996 to August 1997 inclusive. HIV status was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) plus Western blot, Interviews were administered anonymously. Regression analysis identified factors associated with transmission of HIV from IDU husbands to their non-injecting wives. Seventy-two wives (45%) were HIV-positive. Only 15% of the couples reported regular usage of condoms during intercourse. On multivariate analysis, a sexually transmitted disease (STD) in either member, reported by the husband, estimated duration of HIV in the husband for >8 years, and a history of blood transfusions were associated with infection in the wife. In conclusion, STDs are associated with transmission of HIV from husband to wife. Improved control of STDs, condom promotion, and improved blood screening are urgently needed in Manipur.

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In this review article various applications and preparation methods of copper chromite catalysts have been discussed. While discussing it is concluded that copper chromite is a versatile catalyst which not only catalyses numerous processes of commercial importance and national program related to defence and space research but also finds applications in the most concerned problem worldwide i.e. environmental pollution control. Several other very useful applications of copper chromite catalysts are in production of clean energy, drugs and agro chemicals, etc. Various preparation methods about 15 have been discussed which depicts clear idea about the dependence of catalytic activity and selectivity on way of preparation of catalyst. In view of the globally increasing interest towards copper chromite catalysis, reexamination on the important applications of such catalysts and their useful preparation methods is thus the need of the time. This review paper encloses 369 references including a well-conceivable tabulation of the newer state of the art.

LPG is used as a cleaner substitute for gasoline and diesel for automobiles. However, it is a source of hydrocarbon (HC) emissions, causing adverse effects on living beings and the environment. Therefore, to reduce tailpipe HC emissions, this work aims to develop cobaltite spinel catalysts for the oxidation of a lean mixture of LPG. Cobaltite spinel catalysts i.e. MCo 2 O 4 (M = Ni, Cu, Zn) were synthesized by a coprecipitation method and characterized by FTIR, N 2 adsorption and XRD. The XRD/FTIR of the prepared cobaltite catalysts showed the formation of the corresponding MCo 2 O 4 spinels. Among the studied catalysts, NiCo 2 O 4 showed the highest activity with total oxidation of LPG below 200 °C. When CO was also added into the feed, a synergistic effect was observed for the simultaneous oxidation of LPG and CO at lower temperature. The total conversion was obtained at a temperature 10 °C less than that for the oxidation of LPG alone over NiCo 2 O 4 . The order of activity of the catalysts calcined at 300 °C was as follows: NiCo 2 O 4 > CuCo 2 O 4 > ZnCo 2 O 4 . With calcination of NiCo 2 O 4 at higher temperatures of 400 and 500 °C, total LPG conversion was obtained at higher temperatures of 228 °C and 265 °C respectively. However, it maintained 100% LPG conversion over a 50 h continuous run at a constant temperature of 265 °C. Thus, NiCo 2 O 4 is suitable for low temperature (>300 °C) complete combustion of a lean mixture of LPG emissions.

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Tobacco control policy, cessation training and initiatives to help students quit smoking should be undertaken.

The results of an experimental study on the axial dispersion of gases flowing in helical columns under laminar flow conditions are reported. The ranges of variables covered are 26.6 < λ < 98; 10 < NRe < 100; 0.176 < NSc < 1.359. The measured dispersion coefficients are correlated with Reynolds, Schmidt and Dean groups. A single dimensionless parameter, NDc (NSe0,5, was found to correlate the data well. Up to NDe (NSc)0,5 =10, dispersions in straight and coiled tubes exhibit very similar axial dispersion behavior.