ObjectiveUnmet need refers to fecund women who either wish to postpone the next birth (spacers) or who wish to stop childbearing (limiters) but are not using a contraceptive method. The aim of this study was to assess the unmet needs of family planning and identify associated factors in Debre Berhan town among women in reproductive age. The community-based cross-sectional study design was used among 411 study participants (women with reproductive age) at Debre Berhan town. A systematic sampling technique was used to select the households. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were done to determine the association of each independent variable with the dependent variable.ResultsThe overall unmet need for family planning among women in reproductive age groups was found to be 30.9%. Occupational status AOR = 13.992 (1.054–185.833), from whom the respondents got information about family planning AOR = 0.018 (0.002–0.170), having a discussion with husband AOR = 16.692 (2.911–95.713) and support from husband AOR = 0.005 (0.001–0.025) was significantly associated with the outcome variable. The level of unmet need for family planning in the study area is still high compared to the target set (10%) in the national family planning guide plan for Ethiopia.

Background Birth asphyxia is the major public health problem in the world. It is estimated that around 23% of all newborn deaths are caused by birth asphyxia worldwide. Birth asphyxia is the top three causes of newborn deaths in sub-Saharan Africa and more than one-third of deaths in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify determinants of birth asphyxia which can play a crucial role to decrease the death of newborns. Methods Unmatched case-control study design was implemented among 276 (92 cases and 184 controls) newborns from January 1st to March 30th, 2020. A systematic sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected by using a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and document review by trained nurses and midwives who work at the delivery ward of the hospitals. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was done to identify determinants of birth asphyxia. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p-value less than and equal to 0.05 were used to assess the level of significance. Results In this study, maternal education of being can’t read & write [AOR = 4.7, 95% CI: (1.2, 11.9)], ante-partum hemorrhage [AOR = 7.7, 95% CI: (1.5, 18.5)], prolonged labor [AOR =13.5, 95% CI: (2.0, 19.4)], meconium stained amniotic fluid [AOR = 11.3, 95% CI: (2.7, 39.5)], breech fetal presentation [AOR = 4.5, 95% CI: (2.0, 8.4)] and preterm birth [AOR: 4.1, 95% CI: (1.8, 9.2)] were factors which showed significantly associated with birth asphyxia among newborns. Conclusions In this study, maternal education can’t read & write, antepartum hemorrhage, prolonged labor, stained amniotic fluid, breech fetal presentation, preterm birth were significantly associated with birth asphyxia. So, educating mothers to enhance health-seeking behaviors and close monitoring of the labor and fetus presentation were recommended to reduce birth asphyxia.

Background Double burden of malnutrition is a global problem posing a serious public health challenge especially in low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia, where a high prevalence of under-nutrition continues to exist and overweight is increasing at an alarming rate. Although both under-nutrition and over-nutrition are investigated extensively in Ethiopia, evidence about the double burden of malnutrition especially at the individual level is very limited. Objective To assess the prevalence of the co-existence of overweight/obesity and stunting and associated factors among under-five children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia at an individual level. Methods Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June 2021 among 422 mothers to child pairs in Addis Ababa. Twenty-nine (30%) of the health centers in Addis Ababa were selected to take part in the study using a simple random sampling technique. The total sample size was allocated proportionally to each of the selected health centers based on their performances within 6 months prior to the study. A systematic random sampling method was used to select the study participants. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and a hierarchical logistic regression model were used to characterize the study population and to identify factors that are associated with the outcome variable respectively. Odds ratio along with 95% CI were estimated to measure the strength of the association. The level of statistical significance was declared at a p-value less than 0.05. Results The prevalence of the co-existence of overweight/obesity and stunting was 5.1% with 95% CI (2.9–7.1%). The hierarchical logistic regression analysis revealed that child age (6–23 months) [(AOR = 2.86, 95% CI: (1.02–8.04)], maternal education status (non-educated) [(AOR = 4.98, 95% CI: (1.33–18.66)], maternal age during birth (≥ 28 years) [(AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: (0.06–0.79)] and childbirth order (3+) [(AOR = 6.38, 95% CI: (1.03–39.7)] were significantly associated with the co-existence of overweight /obesity and stunting. Conclusion and recommendations: The study revealed that the prevalence of the co-existence of overweight/obesity and stunting is low in Ethiopia. However, local and national nutrition policies and programs should be tailored and implemented to simultaneously address both under-nutrition and over-nutrition.

Background: Patients with hypertension are a high risk of cardiovascular disease. An increase of 10 mmHg (more than normal) in diastolic blood pressure leads to a relatively increased risk of stroke and cardiovascular disease by 37%. Moreover, hypertension may impair vision. The symptoms range from blurred vision to blindness. A lack of knowledge about hypertension negatively influences patients' awareness and behaviors and is a major obstacle in controlling hypertension. The general objective of the study was to assess the overall level of knowledge, self-care practices, and its associated factors among hypertensive patients in adult cardiac and renal referral clinics in public hospitals Addis Ababa city Administration Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted in public health hospitals. The final sample size was 384, which was proportionally allocated to each of the institutions and systematic random sampling was used to select study units that were part of the study. Results: The results of the study showed that (43.6%) of the study participants had good knowledge about hypertensive self-care. A strong association was observed between knowledge about hypertension and educational status, family history of hypertension, place of residence; and occupational status of the study participants. About (51.5%) of the study participants had good self-care practices towards hypertension. However, there was a significant association between self-care practices, place of residence and educational status of the study participants. Study participants who had secondary and above educational status had good self-care practice than participants had no formal education. Conclusion: Despite the important role of knowledge and self-care practices in the management of hypertension is recognized to be useful and effective in achieving hypertension control and preventing its complication. The findings of this study confirmes that self-care practices was accomplished as recommended by the majority of respondents, but knowledge was more problematic.

Introduction: Stunting has long been regarded as one of the most important indicators of malnutrition, serving as a proxy for not just chronic nutritional deficiency but also long-term socioeconomic disadvantage among children and society as a whole. In 2016, stunting alone afflicted an estimated 154.8 million (22.9%) children under the age of five over the world. It is one of Ethiopia’s most serious undernutrition and health problems among school-aged children. Objective: To determine the prevalence and associated factors of stunting among school-aged children in Addis Ababa city, Ethiopia 2021. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among primary school students in Addis Ababa city. By using a single population proportion, a formula of 627 students was recruited. From 11 sub-cities, 4 sub-cities were selected by lottery method, and 21 (30%) of the schools from the sub-city were selected. Finally, from each school, study participants were selected by using systematic random sampling, using their attendance list as a frame. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data, and anthropometric measurements were taken. In order to see the association between the dependent (stunting) and independent variables, bi-variable and multi-variable logistic regression were used. During bi-variable analysis, variables that had p-values of less than 0.2 were entered into multivariable analysis to see the effect of confounding factors. Adjusted Odds Ratios with 95% confidence intervals and a P-value of less than 0.05 were used to see the level of significance. Result: The prevalence of stunting was 108/607 (18.0%) with a 95% CI of 14.5–20.9). Being a male child (AOR = 0.616, 95% CI, 0.34–0.96), type of water source (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI, 1.12–10.37), not feeding breast milk (AOR = 3.411, 95% CI, 1.09–10.07), educational status, and ability to read and write (AOR = 2.11, 95% CI, 1.15–3.88) were predictors of stunting. Conclusion: The study showed that the prevalence of stunting was high, and it explored that stunting remains a noticeable attribute of urban school-age children. The higher educational status of the mother, exclusive breast feeding, using ground water, and being a female child were negatively associated with the prevalence of stunting. The risk of stunting was higher among male than female school-aged children. Findings from the study suggest the need to strengthen the strategies that lead to Sustainable Development Goal 4 to ensure all girls and boys complete primary and secondary schooling by 2030.

Background: Birth asphyxia is the major public health problem in the world. It is estimated that around 23% of all newborn deaths are caused by birth asphyxia worldwide. Birth asphyxia is the top three causes of newborn deaths in sub-Saharan Africa and more than one-third of deaths in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify determinants of birth asphyxia which can play a crucial role to decrease the death of newborns.Methods: Unmatched case-control study design was implemented among 276 (92 cases and 184 controls) newborns from January 1st to March 30th, 2020. A systematic sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected by using a semi-structured interviewer-administered questionnaire and document review by trained nurses and midwives who work at the delivery ward of the hospitals. Bivariate logistic regression analysis was done to identify determinants of birth asphyxia. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals and p-value less than 0.05 were used to assess the level of significance. Results: In this study, maternal education of being can’t read & write [AOR = 4.7, 95% CI: (1.2, 11.9)], ante-partum hemorrhage [AOR = 7.7, 95% CI: (1.5, 18.5)], prolonged labor [AOR =13.5, 95% CI: (2.0, 19.4)], meconium stained amniotic fluid [AOR = 11.3, 95% CI: (2.7, 39.5)], breech fetal presentation [AOR = 4.5, 95% CI: (2.0, 8.4)] and preterm birth [AOR: 4.1, 95% CI: (1.8, 9.2)] were factors which showed significantly associated with birth asphyxia among newborns.Conclusions: In this study, maternal education can’t read & write, antepartum hemorrhage, prolonged labour, stained amniotic fluid, breech fetal presentation, preterm birth were significantly associated with birth asphyxia. So, educating mothers to have continuous follow-up during the pregnancy period and provide quality care to the women in labour through close monitoring of the fetus presentation were recommended to reduce birth asphyxia.

Background Providing holistic nursing care and ensuring patient satisfaction have become essential health performance indicators all across the world. Notwithstanding several efforts to improve patient satisfaction with nursing care, the approach in developing countries, including Ethiopia, is still insufficient. This study was aimed to assess the level of adult patients’ satisfaction and to identify factors affecting satisfaction. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study included 407 participants, who were selected using a simple random sampling technique. The sample was distributed using proportional allocation for each selected adult inpatient department. Participants were interviewed using a modified structured Amharic version of the ‘Newcastle satisfaction with nursing scale’. Data analysis was made by SPSS version 26. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was used. Results The overall level of patient satisfaction with nursing care services was 54.3%. Respondents who had no formal education (P = 0.010), being male (P = 0.041), free service consumers (P < 0.001), health insurance users (P < 0.001), was significantly associated with satisfaction with nursing care. In addition, patients who had previous admission history (P = 0.001), Governmental workers (P < 0.001), and patients admitted in the medical ward (P = 0.010) were associated with patient dissatisfaction with the nursing care services. Conclusions and recommendations: This study revealed that adult patient satisfaction with nursing care services was rated low. Previous admission history, higher education level, paying cash for services, and private and governmental workers were significant predisposing factors to dissatisfaction with nursing care. On the other hand, patients with no formal education, free service consumers and being male were significant predictors of satisfaction with nursing care services. Therefore, it is recommended that the hospital administration better emphasize the needs and expectations of the patient.

Background: Double burden of malnutrition is a global problem posing a serious public health challenge especially in low- and middle-income countries including Ethiopia, where high prevalence of under-nutrition continues to exist and overweight is increasing at an alarming rate. Although both under-nutrition and over-nutrition are investigated extensively in Ethiopia, evidences about double burden of malnutrition especially at individual level are very limited.Objective: To assess the prevalence of the co-existence of overweight/obesity and stunting and associated factors among under-five children in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.Methods: Institution based cross-sectional study was conducted from May to June, 2021 among 422 mothers to child pairs in Addis Ababa. Twenty nine (30%) of the health centers in Addis Ababa were selected to take part in the study using simple random sampling technique. The total sample size was allocated proportionally to each of the selected health centers based on their performances within six months prior to the study. Systematic random sampling method was used to select the study participants. An interviewer-administered structured questionnaire was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical logistic regression model were used to characterize the study population and to identify factors that are associated with the outcome variable respectively. Odds ratio along with 95% CI were estimated to measure the strength of the association. Level of statistical significance was declared at p value less than 0.05.Results: The prevalence of the co-existence of overweight/obesity and stunting was 5.1% with 95% CI (2.9% - 7.1%). The hierarchical logistic regression analysis revealed that child age (6 -23 months) [(AOR = 2.86, 95% CI: (1.02 - 8.04)], maternal education status (non-educated) [(AOR = 4.98, 95% CI: (1.33 - 18.66)], maternal age during birth (≥ 28 years) [(AOR = 0.22, 95% CI: (0.06 - 0.79)] and child birth order (3+) [(AOR = 6.38, 95% CI: (1.03 - 39.7)] were significantly associated with the co-existence of overweight /obesity and stunting.Conclusion and recommendations: The study revealed that the prevalence of the co-existence of overweight/obesity and stunting is low in Ethiopia. However, local and national nutrition policies and programs should be tailored and implemented to simultaneously address both under-nutrition and over-nutrition.