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A high rate of inflammatory disease, frequent immunomodulator use in CD, and a low rate of surgery in both CD and UC were identified. In CD, ileal involvement and complex disease behavior are associated with a more severe disease course, while in UC a high CRP predicted this outcome.

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This first Australian population-based study of environmental risk factors confirms that smoking, childhood immunological events and dietary factors play a role in IBD development; while high caffeine intake and pet ownership offer a protective effect.

In the first year of diagnosis, outpatient resources account for the majority of cost in both CD and UC. Medications are the main cost driver in IBD.

Referral to a high-volume center following unsuccessful ERCP is associated with high technical success, with a favorable complication rate, compared to routine ERCP procedures.

EO is present in approximately one third of patients who are admitted with FBO. Biopsies should be performed routinely at index endoscopy in order to pursue this treatable cause of long term morbidity.