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Employee behavior plays an important role in the occurrence and prevention of incidents, affecting safety margins. In this study, we examine the potential impact of incidental learning on human behavior in the presence of variation in task design. Incidental learning is the day-to-day on-the-job learning that occurs unintentionally. This learning influences which behavior (schema) is more likely to be activated in the employee’s brain. We posit that an incorrect schema can be activated and lead to undesired behavior if the employee is often exposed to (visually) similar tasks that require different behavior. In rail transport, there is a risk of trains passing through red signals. The train driver’s behavior plays an important role in preventing these signal passed at danger (SPAD) incidents. In this study we used speed and location data to analyze train driver deceleration behavior during red signal approaches in the Netherlands. The Dutch rail system showed variation in yellow signal aspects and signal distance. An analysis using 19 months of empirical data indicated changes in behavior when the employee had been previously exposed to different behavior requirements in the same location with a similar yellow signal. These results imply that task design can be improved by taking into consideration what an employee is exposed to during other moments of the shift, and not just during the execution of the specific task.

This article discusses the rise of European postgraduate courses in safety science, later expanded to include health and environment as well. The main focus will be on the content and quality of the Management of Safety Health and Environment (MoSHE) course of the Delft University of Technology, which content is organised by the Safety and Security Science Group. The different MoSHE years show a varied picture of this post academic program. In the Netherlands the course is unique with a central focus on risk management and sustainability, supported by scientific developments in the areas of safety, health, environment, organizational science and psychology. In all year-groups the quality of the course was assessed with a short questionnaire, collecting opinions of course members on individual presentations and the course as a whole. Quality of the course was regularly discussed through the contacts of the course coordinator with module leaders, and at meetings of course committees, and leading to changes in content of modules. After MoSHE 1, 14, and 17 the course' structure, organization and content was changed radically. Only the quality system of the course remained implicit. Using the model of the European Foundation for Quality Management a first se-up for a quality system is presented Over the years the academic nature of the program has changed substantially. This is one of the challenges for the future to find a balance between the domains taught and between an academic approach and practical skills. The course could benefit from a greater input of process safety and safety in high-tech-high-hazard sectors.

In this study we identify the differences in goal realisation when applying two conflicting paradigms regarding rule perception and management. We gathered more than 30 scenarios where goal conflicts were apparent in a military operational unit. We found that operators repetitively utilized certain routines in executing their tasks in an effort to realize several conflicting goals. These routines were not originally intended nor designed into the rules and not explicitly included in documentation. They were not necessarily at odds with the literal wording and/or the intent of rules and regulations, although we did find examples of this. Our data showed that local ingenuity was created innovatively within the frame of existing rules or kept invisible to those outside the unit. The routines were introduced and passed on informally, and we found no evidence of testing for the introduction of new risks, no migration into the knowledge base of the organisation, and no dissemination as new best practices. An explanation for this phenomenon was found in the fact that the military organisation was applying a top-down, classical, rational approach to rules. In contrast, the routines were generated by adopting a constructivist view of rules as dynamic, local, situated constructions with operators as experts. The results of this study suggest that organisations are more effective in solving goal conflicts and creating transparency on local ingenuity if they adopt a constructivist paradigm instead of, or together with, a classical paradigm.

An integrated model for risk in a real-time environment for the hydrocarbon industry based on the CATS model for commercial aviation safety has been further developed. The approach described in earlier papers required Bayesian Belief Nets (BBN) to be developed for each process unit separately. A much more efficient method for developing the continuous BBNs is based on standard building blocks consisting of nodes for a piece of equipment and nodes for potential safety features. Elements of the BBN can be switched on or off as required. From the equipment inventory of a chemical plant a complete BBN can be built automatically. Humans are represented by multiple instances of the same BBN structure, but with different parameters. The resulting computer program calculates the frequency of Loss of Containment Accidents for an existing or a proposed plant including the effects of human behaviour and intervention, including rigorous handling of the uncertainties.

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