The Atlantic Forest, which has a vast epiphytic richness, is a priority area for preservation, listed as one of the five most important world hotspots. Vascular epiphyte richness, composition and community structure were studied in two fragments, one of the ombrophilous (29°43'42"S and 50°22'00"W) and the other of the seasonal (29°40'54"S and 51°06'56"W) forest, both belonging to the Atlantic Forest biome in the Sinos River basin, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. In each fragment, 40 trees, divided into four ecological zones, were analyzed. In each zone, the occurrence of the species was recorded, and the importance value of each species was calculated according to the frequency of phorophytes and intervals, and cover scores. The Shannon index was calculated for the two communities. In the fragment of the ombrophilous forest (F1), 30 epiphytic species were recorded, and in the seasonal forest (F2), 25. The highest importance value was found for Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota in both fragments. The diversity indexes for F1 (H'=2.72) and F2 (H'=2.55) were similar and reflected the subtropical location of the areas. The decrease in mean richness in both fragments in zone 3 (internal crown) to zone 4 (external crown) may be associated with time and space availability for epiphyte occupation and microclimate variations. Exclusive species were found in the areas, which suggest that a greater number of preserved fragments may result in a greater number of preserved epiphytic species in the Sinos River basin.Keywords: vertical distribution, epiphytism, phytosociology, floristic diagnostic, southern Brazil. Epífitos vasculares em Floresta Atlântica da bacia do Rio dos Sinos, estado doRio Grande do Sul, Brasil: riqueza, composição florística e estrutura comunitária ResumoA Floresta Atlântica apresenta uma grande riqueza de epífitos e é considerada uma área prioritária para preservação listada entre os cinco mais importantes hotspots mundiais. A riqueza, a composição e a estrutura comunitária de epífitos vasculares foram estudadas em um fragmento de floresta ombrófila (29°43'42"S e 50°22'00"O) e outro de floresta estacional (29°40'54"S e 51°06'56"O), ambos pertencentes ao Bioma Floresta Atlântica, na bacia do Rio dos Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Em cada fragmento foram analisadas 40 árvores divididas em quatro zonas ecológicas. Em cada zona, foi registrada a ocorrência das espécies e o valor de importância de cada uma delas foi calculado a partir da frequência nos forófitos e nos intervalos e das notas de cobertura. O índice de Shannon foi aplicado para as duas comunidades. No fragmento de floresta ombrófila (F1) foram registradas 30 e no de floresta estacional (F2) 25 espécies epifíticas. O maior valor de importância foi observado para Microgramma squamulosa (Kaulf.) de la Sota, em ambos os fragmentos. Os índices de diversidade para o F1 (H'=2,72) e o F2 (H'=2,55) foram próximos e refletem a posição geográfica mais subtropical das áreas. A diminuição na riqueza média em ambos os fragmentos da zona 3 (co...

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Herbivory is an interaction with great impact on plant communities since relationships between herbivores and plants are fundamental to the distribution and abundance of species over time and space. The aim of this study was to monitor the rate of leaf expansion in the tree fern Cyathea phalerata and evaluate the damage caused by herbivores to leaves of different ages and whether such damage is related to temperature and precipitation. The study was performed in a subtropical Atlantic Forest fragment located in the municipality of Caraá, in the northeast hillside of Rio Grande do Sul state, in southern Brazil. We monitored 24 mature individuals of C. phalerata with croziers in a population of approximately 50 plants. Leaf expansion rate, percentage of damaged leaves and leaf blade consumption rate by herbivory were calculated. Monthly means for temperature and accumulated rainfall were calculated from daily data. Croziers of C. phalerata were found to expand rapidly during the first and second months after emergence (3.98 cm day-1; 2.91 cm day-1, respectively). Damage caused by herbivory was observed in all of the monitored leaves, but none of the plants experienced complete defoliation. The highest percentage (57%) of damaged leaves was recorded at 60 days of monitoring, and also the highest monthly consumption rate of the blade (6.04%) occurred with young, newly-expanded leaves, while this rate remained between 1.50 and 2.21% for mature leaves. Rates of monthly leaf consumption and damaged leaves showed positive and strong relationship with each other and with temperature. The rapid leaf expansion observed for C. phalerata can be considered a phenological strategy to reduce damage to young leaves by shortening the developmental period and accelerating the increase of defenses in mature leaves.

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