The clinical records of 23 dogs (1990-1999) with histopathologically confirmed bacterial meningoencephalomyelitis were evaluated retrospectively. No breed, age, sex, or weight predisposition was found. All the dogs presented with clinical signs of a brain lesion, whereas 5 of 23 had neck pain. Pyrexia was detected in 11 of 23 dogs on admission. CBCs revealed neutrophilic leucocytosis in 7 of 21 dogs and thrombocytopenia in 3 of 21 dogs. The serum chemistry profiles were abnormal in 15 of 21 dogs. The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis were abnormal in 13 of 14 dogs and aerobic CSF culture was positive for bacteria in 1of 8 samples. At postmortem examination, the lesions were localized to the central nervous system. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, and Klebsiella spp were the most frequently isolated bacteria from cultures collected at postmortem examination. Twelve papers reporting 51 total clinical cases of canine bacterial meningoencephalomyelitis were reviewed. The clinical signs and results of the CBC, serum chemistry, blood culture, and CSF analysis were collated and compared with those of this study. The results of the CSF analysis in this study were similar to those in the literature. CSF cultures documented in the literature were positive for Staphylococcus, Pasteurella. Actinomyces, Nocardia spp, and various anaerobic species including Peptostreptococcus, Eubacterium, and Bacteroides spp.
The clinical records of 23 dogs (1990-1999) with histopathologically confirmed bacterial meningoencephalomyelitis were evaluated retrospectively. No breed, age, sex, or weight predisposition was found. All the dogs presented with clinical signs of a brain lesion, whereas 5 of 23 had neck pain. Pyrexia was detected in 11 of 23 dogs on admission. CBCs revealed neutrophilic leucocytosis in 7 of 21 dogs and thrombocytopenia in 3 of 21 dogs. The serum chemistry profiles were abnormal in 15 of 21 dogs. The results of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis were abnormal in 13 of 14 dogs and aerobic CSF culture was positive for bacteria in 1of 8 samples. At postmortem examination, the lesions were localized to the central nervous system. Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, and Klebsiella spp were the most frequently isolated bacteria from cultures collected at postmortem examination. Twelve papers reporting 51 total clinical cases of canine bacterial meningoencephalomyelitis were reviewed. The clinical signs and results of the CBC, serum chemistry, blood culture, and CSF analysis were collated and compared with those of this study. The results of the CSF analysis in this study were similar to those in the literature. CSF cultures documented in the literature were positive for Staphylococcus, Pasteurella. Actinomyces, Nocardia spp, and various anaerobic species including Peptostreptococcus, Eubacterium, and Bacteroides spp.
MENINGOENCEPHALITIS of unknown origin (MUO) is one of the most common causes of inflammatory central nervous system disease in dogs (Sarfarty and others 1986, Thomas and Eger 1989, Tipold and others 1993, Tipold 1995, Schatzberg 2005. Despite immunosuppressive treatment, relapses remain a feature of MUO (Muñana and Luttgen 1998, Sorjonen 1990, Cuddon and others 2002. This short communication describes the use of prednisolone, cytosine arabinoside and ciclosporin to manage a relapse of MUO in a dog.A four-year-old entire male French bulldog was presented for acute onset of falling to the left and head tilt to the left. The dog was vaccinated and had not suffered from previous medical or surgical conditions. The general examination was unremarkable. Neurological examination revealed depressed mental status, left-sided head tilt, tetraparesis (worse on the left) and ataxia. Postural reactions were decreased in the left thoracic and left pelvic limbs. Cranial nerve examination revealed an absent left palpebral reflex and left menace response. The neurological examination was consistent with left-sided central vestibular syndrome associated with left facial paralysis. These signs were consistent with a left-sided caudal brainstem lesion (that is, metencephalon and myelencephalon). The likely differential diagnoses included infectious meningoencephalitis (bacterial secondary to otitis interna, viral or protozoal), MUO (granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, necrotising meningoencephalitis and necrotising leucoencephalitis), cerebrovascular accident (ischaemic or haemorrhagic) and primary or secondary brain neoplasia.Haematology and biochemistry, serology for neosporosis (IgG) and toxoplasmosis (IgG and IgM), chest radiographs and abdominal ultrasound were all within normal limits. A MRI study of the brain was performed using a 0·4 Tesla permanent magnet (Aperto; Hitachi) and a human knee coil. The following pulse sequences were used: T 1 -weighted (T1W) pre-and postcontrast (0·1 mmol/kg gadobenate dimeglumine [MultiHance; Bracco]), T 2 -weighted (T2W), fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T 2 * gradient-echo. The MRI study revealed a large, ill-defined lesion of high signal on T2W and FLAIR sequences, extending from the left caudal colliculus to the left lateral recess. The lesion involved the left mesencephalon, metencephalon, myelencephalon and the lateral and interposital cerebellar nuclei (Fig 1a, b, c). Mild and heterogeneous contrast uptake was noticeable on the T1W postcontrast sequence. Several smaller high signal areas, scattered throughout the corona radiata, were seen on T2W and FLAIR sequences. Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was Veterinary Record (2009) 164, 627-629 collected, which was clear, watery and colourless. Laboratory analysis revealed a normal protein concentration (0·25 g/l), a cell count revealed two red blood cells/µl and four nucleated cells/µl (reference range <4 nucleated cells/µl), and CSF cytology revealed the presence of monocytes and lymphocytes. PCR performed on blood an...
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