The testing effect is both robust and generalizable. However, most of the underlying studies compare testing to a rather ineffective control condition: massed repeated reading. This article therefore compares testing with note-taking, which has been shown to be more effective than repeated reading. Experiment 1 is based on a 3 × 3 between-participants design with the factors learning condition (repeated reading vs. repeated testing vs. repeated note-taking) and final test delay (5 min vs. 1 week vs. 2 weeks). It shows that in the immediate condition, learning performance is best after note-taking. After 1 week, both the note-taking and the testing groups outperform the rereading group, and after 2 weeks, testing is superior to both note-taking and rereading. Since repeated notetaking may not be the most effective (and common) operationalization of note-taking, Experiment 2 contrasts repeated testing with 2 other note-taking conditions: note-taking plus note-reading and note-taking plus testing (with only a 2-week final test delay). Both conditions that include a testing phase result in better long-term learning than note-taking plus note-reading. In summary, our findings indicate that-in the long run-testing is a powerful learning tool both in isolation and in combination with note-taking. (PsycINFO Database Record

Relationship quality between teachers and their students is a critical aspect for well-being and effective learning in school. Accordingly, teacher training should promote competencies for creating and maintaining positive relationships in the classroom. The Helga Breuninger Foundation developed a video-based online training (Intus 3) that intends to focus on student teachers' interpersonal competencies by reflecting on staged videos. Although this training is well-designed, there is only little empirical evidence in general and so far no experimental research investigating the effects of Intus 3. Accordingly, we investigated whether this program is able to improve the capacities of student teachers' interpersonal competencies, affective well-being, and affective attitudes toward challenging students. We conducted two randomized experimental studies (n1 = 132, n2 = 242) within lectures in teacher education at the University of Potsdam, introducing the basics of inclusive education in two consecutive semesters. We compared groups first working with Intus 3 to waiting control groups that wrote an expository text based on empirical research discussing the relevance of teacher-student relationships with a longitudinal design with four measurement points. Latent change models showed that prior work with Intus 3 showed few effects but complex effects in comparison to the prior text work groups. In the larger and extended study 2, an increase of empathic concern was significant after the prior work with Intus 3. The results will be discussed with the perspective of the potential of further development of online training courses for affective learning for teachers and teacher students.

Die pandemiebedingte ad hoc Digitalisierung von Lehrveranstaltungen im Frühjahr 2020 war für Lehrende wie Lernende Chance und Herausforderung zugleich. Befunde zeigen, dass das flexible selbstständige Arbeiten und Kennenlernen von Potenzialen des digitalen Lehrens und Lernens positiv wahrgenommen, aber als besonders herausfordernd erlebt wurden. Ferner sind digitale Kompetenzen angehender Lehrkräfte eher gering ausgeprägt. Inklusionspädagogisch betrachtet können digitale Kompetenzen aber beispielsweise bei der Gestaltung von Individualisierungsmaßnahmen hilfreich sein. Dieser Beitrag betrachtet vor dem Hintergrund inklusionspädagogischer Professionalisierung von Lehrkräften im Studium die Entwicklung digitaler Kompetenzen längsschnittlich über den Verlauf von 3 Semestern (SoSe 2020 bis SoSe 2021) während der Covid-19-Pandemie. Hierfür wurden Latent Change Score Modelle für die Entwicklung der Technikbereitschaft als Facette digitaler Kompetenzen spezifiziert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich Technikkontrollüberzeugung und -akzeptanz als Facetten der Technikbereitschaft im Verlauf der untersuchten Semester jeweils positiv entwickelten. Die Lehramtsstudierenden betrachteten demnach eigene digitale Kompetenzen zunehmend als Teil ihrer eigenen Professionalisierung, was ein positiver Ausgangspunkt für die Gestaltung inklusiver Bildungssettings in der Kultur der Digitalität sein kann.   Abstract The pandemic-related ad hoc digitisation of courses in spring 2020 was both an opportunity and a challenge for teachers and students. Findings show that flexible independent work and learning about the potential of digital teaching and learning were perceived positively, but experienced as particularly challenging. At the same time, digital competences of prospective teachers are rather low. In terms of inclusive education, however, digital competences can be helpful, for example, in the design of individualisation of teaching and learning. This article examines the development of digital competences longitudinally over the course of three semesters (summer semester 2020 to summer semester 2021) during the Covid 19 pandemic against the backdrop of the professionalization of teachers in inclusion pedagogy during their studies. For the investigation, latent change score models for the development of technology readiness as a facet of digital competences were specified. The results showed that technology control conviction and acceptance as facets of technology readiness developed positively in the course of the semesters investigated. Accordingly, the student teachers increasingly considered their own digital competences as part of their professionalization, which can be a positive starting point for the design of inclusive educational settings in the culture of digitality.