The MSRSGC is a valuable tool that can help to standardize reporting and stratify cases preoperatively. Having a better understanding of the indeterminate diagnoses will help further refine risk classification criteria. Cancer Cytopathol 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles during development and also in adult organisms by regulating the expression of multiple target genes. Here, we studied the function of miR-133b during zebrafish spinal cord regeneration and show upregulation of miR-133b expression in regenerating neurons of the brainstem after transection of the spinal cord. miR-133b has been shown to promote tissue regeneration in other tissue, but its ability to do so in the nervous system has yet to be tested. Inhibition of miR-133b expression by anti-sense morpholino (MO) application resulted in impaired locomotor recovery and reduced regeneration of axons from neurons in the NMLF (nucleus of the medial longitudinal fascicle), SRF (superior reticular formation), and IMRF (intermediate reticular formation). miR-133b targets the small GTPase RhoA, which is an inhibitor of axonal growth, as well as other neurite outgrowth-related molecules. Our results indicate that miR-133b is an important determinant in spinal cord regeneration of adult zebrafish through reduction of RhoA protein levels by direct interaction with its mRNA. While RhoA has been studied as a therapeutic target in spinal cord injury, this is the first demonstration of endogenous regulation of RhoA by a microRNA that is required for spinal cord regeneration in zebrafish. The ability of miR-133b to suppress molecules that inhibit axon regrowth may underlie the capacity for adult zebrafish to recover locomotor function after spinal cord injury (SCI).

Self-optimization of chemical reactions using machine learning multi-objective algorithms has the potential to significantly shorten overall process development time, providing users with valuable information about economic and environmental factors. Using the Thompson Sampling Efficient Multi-Objective (TS-EMO) algorithm, the self-optimization flow chemistry system in this report demonstrates the ability to identify optimum reaction conditions and trade-offs (Pareto fronts) between conflicting optimization objectives, such as yield, cost, spacetime yield, and E-factor, in a data efficient manner. Advantageously, the robust system consists of exclusively commercially available equipment and a user-friendly MATLAB graphical user interface, and was shown to autonomously run 131 experiments over 69 hours uninterrupted.

BackgroundRisk stratification is a critical element for the successful implementation of cytopathology reporting systems. To the authors' knowledge, there are limited prior studies regarding risk stratification for The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology System for Reporting Pancreaticobiliary Cytology (PSCPC). In the current study, the authors reported on a single‐institution experience on 3‐year prospective PSCPC regarding risk of malignancy (ROM) and the overall risk of malignancy (OROM).MethodsA computerized search was performed from August 2014 to December 2017 for all pancreatic fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) samples. Pathology from surgical resections and biopsies and relevant radiologic and clinical follow‐up data were collected. The ROM and the OROM were calculated. The OROM was based on the total number of FNA samples in each category.ResultsA total of 1017 pancreatic FNA cases were identified, with surgical and/or clinical follow‐up data available for 548 cases. The cytopathologic diagnoses included 242 nondiagnostic (category I), 162 benign (category II), 142 atypical (category III), 20 neoplastic‐benign (category IV: benign), 133 neoplastic‐other (category IV: other), 28 suspicious (category V), and 290 malignant (category VI) cases. A total of 364 malignancies were documented in 11 cases, 4 cases, 36 cases, 0 cases, 36 cases, 21 cases, and 255 cases, respectively, from categories I, II, III, IV: benign, IV:other, V, and VI. The ROM was 25%, 17.4%, 41.8%, 0%, 34.3% (95.2%), 95.5%, and 99.6%, respectively, and the OROM was 4.5%, 2.5%, 25.3%, 0%, 27.1% (83.3%), 75%, and 87.9%, respectively, for categories I, II, III, IV: benign, IV: other (with high‐grade dysplasia), V, and VI.ConclusionsThe true ROM for PSCPC is likely between the ROM and OROM for the benign and indeterminate categories. In the neoplastic‐other category (category IV: other), identifying high‐grade dysplasia is important for its association with malignancy and a higher ROM.

This study provides Class III evidence that targeted injection of botulinum toxin type A is associated with significant improvement in MS-related upper limb tremor.