The g-tensor orientation of the chemically reduced Rieske cluster in cytochrome bc1 complex from Rhodovulum sulfidophilum with respect to the membrane was determined in the presence and absence of inhibitors and in the presence of oxidized and reduced quinone in the quinol-oxidizing-site (Qo-site) by EPR on twodimensionally ordered samples. Almost identical orientations were observed when oxidized or reduced quinone, stigmatellin, or 5-(n-undecyl)-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole was present. Occupancy of the Qo-site by myxothiazole induced appearance of a minority population with a substantially differing conformation and presence of E--methoxyacrylate-stilbene significantly reduced the contribution of the major conformation observed in the other cases. Furthermore, when the oxidized iron-sulfur cluster was reduced at cryogenic temperatures by the products of radiolysis, the orientation of its magnetic axes was found to differ significantly from that of the chemically reduced center. The ''irradiation-induced'' conformation converts to that of the chemically reduced center after thawing of the sample. These results confirm the effects of Qo-site inhibitors on the equilibrium conformation of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein and provide evidence for a reversible redox-influenced interconversion between conformational states. Moreover, the data obtained with the iron-sulfur protein demonstrate that the conformation of ''EPR-inaccessible'' reduction states of redox centers can be studied by inducing changes of redox state at cryogenic temperatures. This technique appears applicable to a wide range of comparable electron transfer systems performing redox-induced conformational changes. T he cytochrome bc-complex is the only energy-coupling membrane-integral enzyme common to both photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport chains. In addition to three heme groups, the enzyme contains an unusual [2Fe2S] cluster, the so-called Rieske center. A key enzymatic feature of the complex is the bifurcation of the two electrons derived from oxidation of a quinol molecule at a catalytic site (the ''Q o -site'') into two distinct electron transfer chains within the complex. The Q o -site is positioned between a b-type heme and the [2Fe2S]-cluster of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein (ISP), and the ISP protein has been shown to play a decisive role in turnover at the site (1). Apart from the physiological quinone, the Q o -site binds several competitive and noncompetitive inhibitors of catalysis (mostly quinone analogs) such as stigmatellin, 5-(n-undecyl)-6-hydroxy-4,7-dioxobenzothiazole (UHDBT), myxothiazole, or E--methoxyacrylate (MOA) stilbene.In the recent x-ray structure analyses of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc 1 complex (2-5), the Rieske protein was found in three distinct positions with respect to the remaining subunits of the enzyme, i.e., in a geometry positioning the of the enzyme during turnover, and a domain movement of the Rieske protein was implied as a prerequisite for efficient electron transfer (3-5). A deta...
G-quadruplexes are four stranded nucleic acid structures formed around a core of guanines, arranged in squares with mutual hydrogen bonding. Many of these structures are highly thermally stable, especially in the presence of monovalent cations, such as those found under physiological conditions. Understanding of their physiological roles is expanding rapidly, and they have been implicated in regulating gene transcription and translation among other functions. We have built a community-focused website to act as a repository for the information that is now being developed. At its core, this site has a detailed database (QuadDB) of predicted G-quadruplexes in the human and other genomes, together with the predictive algorithm used to identify them. We also provide a QuadPredict server, which predicts thermal stability and acts as a repository for experimental data from all researchers. There are also a number of other data sources with computational predictions. We anticipate that the wide availability of this information will be of use both to researchers already active in this exciting field and to those who wish to investigate a particular gene hypothesis.
A highly active, large-scale preparation of cytochrome bc 1 complex has been obtained from the photosynthetic purple bacterium Rhodovulum (Rhv.) sulfidophilum. It has been characterized using mass spectrometry, quinone and lipid analysis as well as inhibitor binding. About 35 mg of pure complex can be obtained from 1 g of membrane protein. EPR spectroscopy and optical titrations have been used to obtain the redox midpoint potentials of the cofactors. The E m -value of 310 mV for the Rieske protein is the most positive midpoint potential for this protein in a bc 1 complex so far. The bc 1 complex from Rhv. sulfidophilum is very stable and consists of three subunits and a 6-kDa polypeptide. The complex appears as a dimer in solution and contains six quinone molecules per monomer which are tightly bound. EPR spectroscopy shows that the Q o site is highly occupied. High detergent concentrations convert the complex into an inactive, monomeric form that has lost the Rieske protein as well as the quinones and the 6-kDa component.
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