The consumption of freshwater in mining accounts for only a small proportion of the total water use at global and even national scales. However, at regional and local scales, mining may result in significant impacts on freshwater resources, particularly when water consumption surpasses the carrying capacities defined by the amount of available water and also considering environmental water requirements. By applying a geographic information system (GIS), a comprehensive water footprint accounting and water scarcity assessment of bauxite, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, uranium and zinc as well as gold, palladium, platinum and silver was conducted to quantify the influence of mining and refining of metal production on regional water availability and water stress. The observation includes the water consumption and impacts on water stress of almost 2800 mining operations at different production stages, e.g., preprocessed ore, concentrate and refined metal. Based on a brief study of mining activities in 147 major river basins, it can be indicated that mining’s contribution to regional water stress varies significantly in each basin. While in most regions mining predominantly results in very low water stress, not surpassing 0.1% of the basins’ available water, there are also exceptional cases where the natural water availability is completely exceeded by the freshwater consumption of the mining sector during the entire year. Thus, this GIS-based approach provides precise information to deepen the understanding of the global mining industry’s influence on regional carrying capacities and water stress.
Background: Avulsion of permanent front teeth is a rare accident, mostly affecting children between seven and nine years of age. Replanted and splinted, these teeth often develop inflammation, severe resorption or ankylosis affecting alveolar bone development and have to be extracted sooner or later. Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate different therapy concepts to create a structured concept for the treatment of avulsions.Results: Based on existing therapy concepts, a concept for different initial conditions (dry time, age, growth, tooth, hard and soft tissues) was developed and is presented here. Conclusion: A great deal of research has been performed during recent years and guidelines for the management of avulsions have been published. With the help of this literature it is possible to identify the best treatment procedure for each tooth.Clinical Relevance:The prognosis of avulsed teeth can be improved by considering evidence-based therapy concepts. Resorption, ankylosis and tooth loss could be minimized.
: In Europe the need for high-quality freshwater has been increasing by a factor often since the beginning of the 20th century. Due to their geographic position and topographic feature the Alps are a major freshwater collector and hydrological storage system. Thus the Alps provide considerable amounts of various water resources feeding fundamental needs for human and natural life in the alpine region, but evenly in adjacent areas. The reliable availability and high quality of alpine freshwater resources are of growing concern to the European Community. Some of these concerns to be mentioned are the production of electricity by hydropower plants, an ever increasing demand of drinking, irrigation and industrial water as well as the use for providing tourist infrastructures, in particular for generating artificial snow. All these activities impose an enormous strain for the irritable ecological systems of the Alps. Thus, water is often regarded as a commodity for agricultural and industrial production or for trade. Social, ecological and vital implications in the different alpine eco-spheres are not considered. Therefore new strategies for a sustainable management of water resources are required in the Alps. Additionally a relocation of management and control of access and use of the alpine water resources into external alpine areas has taken place within the last years. The use of hydropower and privatization and liberalization of the European water sector are some examples among others. This leads to a decreasing self-determination of the alpine area, i.e. of its political entities. Prerequisites for a responsible utilization of alpine water resources comprise the direct participation of stakeholders as decision takers. Environmentally benign and innovative water management and water marketing solutions offering adequate economic perspectives have to be developed. These solutions may serve as model for water management systems not only in the Alps but also in regions where access to freshwater is not guaranteed and therefore vital.
Im Zentrum von Frankfurt am Main wird aktuell an der Wiederbelebung des Deutsche‐Bank‐Areals gearbeitet. Auf dem Areal werden vier Hochhäuser realisiert. Diese vier Hochhäuser stehen auf einer gemeinsamen Bodenplatte. Die Baugrube weist eine Fläche von ca. 15.000 m2 und eine Tiefe von 20 m auf und wird umringt von bestehenden Hochhäusern. Zur Herstellung der vier Untergeschosse wurde eine Deckelbauweise geplant, diese ist jetzt in Ausführung. Zur Optimierung der geplanten Kombinierten Pfahl‐Plattengründung (KPP) wird zusätzlich die Schlitzwand zum Lastabtrag herangezogen. Insgesamt wurden 370 Gründungspfähle hergestellt. Die Verbauwand wurde in der Innenstadt von Frankfurt zum ersten Mal im Schlitzwandverfahren ausgeführt. Für die komplexe Bemessung der Verbauwand in Verbindung mit der großmaßstäblichen Deckelbauweise und der KPP‐Gründung wurden detaillierte Nachweisstrategien erfolgreich entwickelt.
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